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US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum: Difference between revisions

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US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum (view source)

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<big>'''BIG IDEAS'''</big>
<big>'''BIG IDEAS'''</big>
'''* Washington administration challenges & precedents
* Washington sets precedents
* assertion of federal powers  
* assertion of federal powers  
* Hamilton-Jefferson split
* Hamilton-Jefferson split
* rise of political parties
* rise of political parties
* Adams presidency  
* Adams presidency  
* avoidance of war with France over the '''XYZ Affair''' & naval clashes w/ French ships'''<br><br>
* avoidance of war with France over the '''XYZ Affair''' & naval clashes w/ French ships<br><br>


<big>'''National Debt'''</big>
<big>'''National Debt'''</big>
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* Washington's primary goals:
* Washington's primary goals:
** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding
** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding
*** manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements  
*** manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements  
** establish and protect the powers of the executive branch
** establish proper relationship of President with the people
** ensure popular support for new government
*** act with authority and dignity but not like a king
*** tours of 1789, 1790, 1791 were designed to promote national unity, display presidency, and promote his policies
*** mutual respect between the executive and the people
* consolidate U.S. territory, especially regarding Northwest Territories and Southern borders with Spain
*** see: [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-02-02-0182 Letter from Washington to Adams, 10 May 1789 on social protocols (founders.archive.gov)]
click EXPAND for excerpt from and commentary on Washington's Letter to Adams from Archives.gov:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* excerpt (closing paragraph
** note that in the letter, Washington refers to himself in the 3rd person ("The President..." "he...")
*** he does so as a way of separating his person from his office
**** (the King of England called himself "We", as a way of expressing himself as the entire realm)
<pre>Many things which appear of little imp⟨ortance in⟩ themselves and at the beginning, may have ⟨great and⟩ durable consequences from their having be⟨en establis⟩hed at the commencement of a new general ⟨Govern⟩ment. It will be much easier to comme⟨nce the adm⟩inistration, upon a well adjusted system ⟨built on⟩ tenable grounds, than to correct errors or alter inconveniences after they shall have been confirmed by habit. The President in all matters of business & etiquette, can have no object but to demean himself in his public character, in such a manner as to maintain the dignity of Office, without subjecting himself to the imputation of superciliousness or unnecessary reserve. Under these impressions, he asks for your candid and undisguised opinions.</pre>
* commentary on the Letter:
<pre>
A major concern was the public image of the new administration. As Sen. William Maclay of Pennsylvania noted, GW “stood on as difficult ground as he ever had done in his life: that to suffer himself to be run down, on the one hand, by a crowd of visitants so as to engross his time, would never do, as it would render the doing of business impracticable; but, on the other hand, for him to be seen only in public on stated times, like an Eastern Lama, would be equally offensive. If he was not to be seen but in public, where nothing confidential could pass between him and any individual, the business would, to all appearance, be done without him, and he could not escape the charge of favoritism. All court would be paid to the supposed favorite; weakness and insignificance would be considered as characteristic of the President, and he would not escape contempt. . . . it was not thus the General gained the universal plaudits of his admiring fellow-citizens” (Maclay, Journal, 15). </pre>
</div>
* Washington was praised for displaying appropriate "condescension" to common people
** relating to people of lower status while maintaining the dignity of the higher class
*** it was a very important concept for people of the time
*** students may consider the impact of '''Jacksonian Democracy''' in light of the Founding-era norms of political elitism
* Washington's goals (con't)
** to establish and protect the powers of the executive branch
** to ensure popular support for new government
*** his tours of 1789, 1790, 1791 were designed to promote national unity, display presidency, and promote his policies
** to consolidate U.S. territory, especially regarding Northwest Territories and Southern borders with Spain
'''election of 1789'''
'''election of 1789'''
* prior to the 12th amendment (1803), the President and Vice President were selected by 1st and 2nd place in the Electoral College, with each Elector casting two votes
* prior to the 12th amendment (1803), the President and Vice President were selected by 1st and 2nd place in the Electoral College, with each Elector casting two votes
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* territory ceded by Virginian and Maryland
* territory ceded by Virginian and Maryland


=== Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures"===
=== Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures" ===
* argued for federal support of domestic industry, including
* argued for federal support of domestic industry, including
** protective tariffs
** protective tariffs
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** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split  
** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split  


=== rise of Political parties ===\
=== Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 ===
* Founders used the term "faction" for aligned groups, whereas political parties have formal organziations and identies
 
* a core goal of the new government was to establish a functional system of taxation
* a primary goal of Hamilton's "debt assumption" (federal gov. taking over states' War debts and that of the Confederation) was to force the government into sound financial structures, including a national bank and raising revenue (taxation)
* the 1971 Whiskey excise tax, however, was very unpopular, especially in western parts of the states
* enforcement of the tax angered citizens, especially small, rural distilleries (manufacturers) who felt unfairly targeted by the tax collectors
** there were a series of attacks and harassment of tax collectors, especially in western Pennsylvania
** the Whiskey Rebellion was a more organized attack on a tax collector, involving 700 men
* Washington sent an official to negotiate with the rebels, which was unsuccessful
** Washington then invoked the Militia Acts of 1792 and sent 12,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion
** the mob had already fled and only two rebels were found guilty of treason
** Washington pardoned both
 
=== Rise of Political parties ===
* Founders used the term "faction" for aligned groups, whereas political parties have formal organizations and identities
* arose in Washington's 2nd term based on existing political alliances and perspectives
* arose in Washington's 2nd term based on existing political alliances and perspectives
* Federalists:  
* Federalists:  
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* sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents
* sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents
** precedent was honored until FDR, although Teddy Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1912 (and lost)
** precedent was honored until FDR, although Teddy Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1912 (and lost)
'''Washington's "Farewell Address"'''
=== Washington's "Farewell Address ===
* a "valedictory address" (via written statement) to the American people in order to articulate his most important advice:
* a "valedictory address" (via written statement) to the American people in order to articulate his most important advice:
** follow the Constitution (rule of law) in order to ensure "that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual"
** follow the Constitution (rule of law) in order to ensure "that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual"
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* Tennessee (“western”), 1796
* Tennessee (“western”), 1796


=== Northwest Territories and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 ===
=== Northwest Territory and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 ===
[[File:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png|thumb|Northwest-territory-usa-1787|alt=Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png]]
[[File:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png|thumb|Northwest-territory-usa-1787|alt=Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png]]
* in 1878 the Continental Congress organized land ceded by England north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into a "territory"  
* in 1787 the Continental Congress organized land ceded by England north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into a "territory"  
** was first post-colonial "incorporated territory" = formally organized and governed by Federal government
** was first post-colonial "incorporated territory" = formally organized and governed by Federal government
* the Ordinance barred slavery in the Territories, the first national prohibition on slavery
** however, it also set the precedent for existence of slavery below the Ohio River (its southern border)
* American settlers moving into the Territory sparked conflicts with Native tribes, known as the '''Northwest Indian War'''  
* American settlers moving into the Territory sparked conflicts with Native tribes, known as the '''Northwest Indian War'''  
** Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, commander of the American Army and Revolutionary War hero, defeated Native resistance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794
** Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, commander of the American Army and Revolutionary War hero, defeated Native resistance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794
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* timeline here<br><br>
* 1800 Jefferson elected w/ Democratic-Republican sweep of Congress<br><br>
* 1800 Revolution of 1800<br><br>
* 1801-1805 Jefferson presidency 1st term<br><br>
* 1801-1805 Jefferson presidency 1st term<br><br>
* 1802 Louisiana Purchase<br><br>
* 1802 Louisiana Purchase<br><br>
* 1802 Yazoo land scandal (Georgia)<br><br>
* 1802 establishment of West Point Military Academy
* 1802 admission of Ohio to statehood<br><br>
* 1803-1806 Lewis & Clark Expedition<br><br>
* 1804 Burr kills Hamilton in duel<br><br>
* 1805 blockades of US ports by British & French<br><br>
* 1805-1809 Jefferson presidency 2nd term<br><br>
* 1805-1809 Jefferson presidency 2nd term<br><br>
* 1807 Congress bans African slave trade
* 1807: Embargo Act of 1807<br><br>
* 1807 Congress bans African slave trade, effective 1808<br><br>
* 1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term<br><br>
* 1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term<br><br>
* 1810 Macon's Bill Number 2<br><br>


* 18 <br><br>
* 18 <br><br>
* 18 <br><br>
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
<br>
<big>'''Jefferson presidency'''</big>
<big>'''Jefferson presidency'''</big>
* settled partisan rancor from Adams presidency and election of 1800
* settled partisan rancor from Adams presidency and election of 1800
* roll-back of Federalist policies
* roll-back of Federalist policies
* '''Louisiana Purchase'''
* '''Louisiana Purchase'''
<big>'''Jeffersonian democracy'''</big>
* egalitarian, social simplicity in contrast to Washington's pomp (formality)
* pushed for state expansion of suffrage by elimination of property requirements
* small government, states rights, run by small farmers
<br><br>


<big>'''Marbury v Madison'''</big>
<big>'''Marbury v Madison'''</big>
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* Jefferson inaugural address
* Jefferson inaugural address
<br><br>
<br><br>
<big>'''subsection 2'''</big>
 
* Major Events here
<big>'''Louisiana Purchase. 1802'''</big>
* France sold territory taken from Spain bc of Haitian Revolution
* US territorial expansion and settlement
* land speculation & political maneuvering over control of new territories
<br><br>
 
<big>'''Barbary War'''</big>
* Jefferson sent US Navy to Mediterranean Sea to fight "Barbary Pirates"
* Stephen Decator became national hero for a raid on Tripoli in 1804
<br><br>
 
<big>'''Twelfth Amendment adopted 1804'''</big>
* party-line vote in electoral college ("party ticket")
* ensures two-party system & it's political organization & activity
* leads to intra-party factions (factions within a single party)
<br><br>
 
<big>'''Embargo Act of 1807'''</big>
* European war impacts on US trade & domestic politics
* New Englanders oppose the embargo, economy hurt
<br><br>
 
<big>'''Non-Intercourse Act of 1809'''</big>
* opens trade with all nations except France and Brtiain
<br><br>
 
<big>'''asdf'''</big>
*  
<br><br>
<br><br>
||
||
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* sought to reconcile bitterness between parties/factions
* sought to reconcile bitterness between parties/factions
* “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
* “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
===Jeffersonian democracy===
* rode his horse to Washington for his inauguration as statement of egalitarianism
** as opposed to riding in a formal carriage
* egalitarianism, equality (whites)
* as president preferred social simplicity in contrast to Washington's pomp (formality)
** did not distinguish White House visitors based on social class
* pushed for state expansion of suffrage by elimination of property requirements
** led to higher voter turnout
* small government, states rights, run by small farmers
** Jefferson wanted fully pay off and avoid any future national debt
*** inherently anti-bank, esp. a central bank
*** at end of his office in 1809, the debt was reduced from $83 to $57 million


=== roll-back of Federalist policies ===
=== roll-back of Federalist policies ===
* the new Democratic-Republican dominated Congress:
* the new Democratic-Republican dominated Congress:
** repealed the Alien and Sedition Act
** repealed the Alien and Sedition acts
*** pardoned the 10 people who were prosecuted under them
** abolished internal taxes
** abolished internal taxes
** reduced the size of the army and navy
** reduced the size of the army and navy
* despite reservations, Jefferson agreed to keep the First Bank of the United States
* despite reservations, Jefferson agreed to keep the First Bank of the United States
* Supreme Court maintained Federalist ideologies under Chief Justice John Marshall
* Supreme Court maintained Federalist ideologies under Chief Justice John Marshall
* Federalist Party declines, especially outside of New England


=== Barbary War ===
* '''Naval Act of 1794'''
** founded the US Navy with funding for six warships
** authorized payment of "tributes" (ransom $) to North African pirates who attacked US merchant ships
*** prior to the Revolution, the British Navy had protected American vessels
* by end of Adams administration treaties w/ "Barbary States" (modern Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria)
* in 1803 Jefferson sent US Navy to Mediterranean Sea to fight "Barbary Pirates"
** the YSS Philadelphia was captured by Tripoli
** 1804 Stephen Decatur became national hero for a raid on Tripoli freeing the ''Philadelphia''
* while isolating Tripoli with the raid and ongoing bombardments, the US continued to pay tribute to other Barbary States


=== Louisiana Purchase, 1802 ===
=== Louisiana Purchase, 1802 ===
[[File:UnitedStatesExpansion.png|thumb|UnitedStatesExpansion|alt=UnitedStatesExpansion.png]]
* Secretary of State James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate purchase of Louisiana Territory
* Secretary of State James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate purchase of Louisiana Territory
** under Napoleon, the French had acquired Louisiana from the Spanish
* the primary American goal was to gain full control of the Mississippi River
** the French lost the Haitian rebellion
** the Spanish had acquired Louisiana in 1762 from the French following the French-Indian War
** the French regained the territory in 1800 under Napoleon
*** Haitian rebellion impact:
*** = successful slave revolt establishing Haitian independence
*** = successful slave revolt establishing Haitian independence
*** the French army sent to put down the rebellion was the largest European army ever sent to the Americas
*** the French army sent to put down the rebellion was the largest European army ever sent to the Americas
*** with loss of Haiti, the French no longer needed New Orleans as a shipping point for Haitian trade
*** with loss of Haiti, the French no longer needed New Orleans as a shipping point for Haitian trade
* France offered to sell it for $15 million
* France offered to sell it for $15 million
* the "territory" was loosely defined
** the sovereignty conveyed (delivered) by the Purchase
*** = a "preemptive" right to the territory over other colonial powers
*** and the authority over other colonial powers to obtain the lands in the territory from Native Americans by treaty or conquest
* Federalists opposed it because it would eventually add more southern states  
* Federalists opposed it because it would eventually add more southern states  
* Jefferson based power to purchase on executive powers of diplomacy
* Jefferson based power to purchase on executive powers of diplomacy
* Lewis & Clark Expedition
** to explore new territory
** to identify natural geography & landscapes
** to establish inland route to the Pacific Ocean
** the Purchase did not include modern Oregon & Washington state territories, which were negotiated later w/ Britain
*** in the '''Treaty of 1818''' regarding the northern border of modern MN, ND, & MO which established the 49th parallel as the US-Canadian border
*** and in the
** the south and western borders were negotiated with Spain along with American acquisition of Florida in the 1819 '''Adams-Onis Treaty" w/ Spain
=== settlement, territorial expansion & Native American relations ===
* Jefferson wanted to take Florida from the Spanish
** he refused to recognize '''Haiti''' in 1804 in order to gain Napoleon's support for US acquisition of Florida
* acquisition of Louisiana Territory put pressure on Native American tribes and lands
* Jefferson promoted Indian treaties and sought his ''civilization program'' of assimilation of American Indians into US society
** however, Jefferson's policies more generally supported by white settlement of Native lands
** conflict continued throughout his term of office in the Northwest Territory
*** British agents supported Native tribes with arms and encouragement
*** one of the British intentions was to create an Indian satellite nation aligned with Britain in US territory.
=== Yazoo land scandal, 1802 ===
* as nation expanded, land claims were frequently in conflict with one another
* land speculation increased, especially as part of removal of Native Americans
* Georgia sold large tracts (lots) of "Yazoo land"
** = areas around the Yazoo River stretching to the Mississippi River (modern AL and MS)
** named for the Yazoo tribe
* because of massive fraud, Georgia invalidated the land grants retroactively (after the fact)
* led to the '''Compact of 1802''' in which the federal government
** purchased western Georgia for $1.2mm (later Alabama and Mississippi)
** agreed to invalidate Native American claims on the land
** and agreed to settle claims by defrauded individuals (people who were ripped off)
*** the last term was scandalous as politicians claimed it was a pay-off to land speculators
*** even Jefferson's own party opposed it, especially John Randolph (from VA)
*** = led to rise of ''tertium quids'' which were factions within the Democratic Party
** claims were not fully resolved until 1814 by act of Congress that paid off those remaining


=== Essex Junto ===
=== Essex Junto ===
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* events and personalities regarding the Essex Junto led to the '''Burr-Hamilton duel''' of 1804, in which Burr killed Hamilton
* events and personalities regarding the Essex Junto led to the '''Burr-Hamilton duel''' of 1804, in which Burr killed Hamilton


=== 12th Amendment to the Constitution, 1804 ===
=== Aaron Burr ===
* Democratic-Republican (same party as Jefferson)
** born in New Jersey & practiced law in New York = had different interests and objectives from Jefferson
** in 1785 Burr sponsored a bill to end slavery in New York
* elected New York Senator in 1791
* populist politician, defied the norms of "detachment" that Washington preferred (see above)
* ran for President in 1800 and tied with Jefferson
** the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives decided the election for Jefferson
*** leaving Burr as Jefferson's Vice President
** Jefferson did not trust Burr and did not include him in most Administration decisions
* although not illegal, the Hamilton duel ended Burr's political career
** Burr's term was spent serving Vice Presidential role as President of the Senate, where he served to acclaim of his colleagues
* '''Burr conspiracy''' of 1807
click EXPAND for details on the Burr Conspiracy
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* Burr was associated with the Essex Junta, which advocated New England succession
* he was closely associated with General James Wilkinson, Commanding General of the US Army, who had attempted to remove Kentucky and Tennessee from the Union in the 1780s (Articles of Confederation period, while those states were still territorial areas claimed by Virginia and North Carolina respectively
* Jefferson appointed Wilkinson governor of the new Louisiana Territory in 1805
* after leaving office, Burr moved into the Louisiana Territory, looking for new opportunities, first in the Ohio Valley, then moving to Louisiana
* while Vice President Burr held discussions with the British ambassador about raising an army to help the British regain the Louisiana Territory
* after leaving office in 1805 he wrote to the ambassador asking for money to support the scheme
** the ambassador gave him $1500 then declined to help any further
* Burr gathered supporters for settlement in Louisiana and perhaps to form a militia to attack Spanish-held territories
* at the same time he contacted the Spanish ambassador offering to help Spain against the United States
** the Spanish ambassador gave him several thousand dollar but offered no further assistance
** the Governor of Kentucky warned Jefferson of Burr's plans for rebellion and secession, but Jefferson ignored them as politically motivated
* Governor Wilkinson became aware of the conspiracy and moved to seize weapons from Burr's associates
** he then informed Jefferson of the plot, who ordered Burr to be arrested for treason
* Burr was tried for treason but acquitted on the grounds that plans did not constitute actual treason
** Burr's attorney was the future Whig, Henry Clay, and federalist Chief Justice Marshall presided over the case
</div>
 
=== 12th Amendment to the Constitution, 1804 & electoral impact===
* in response to the contested election of 1800
* in response to the contested election of 1800
** (Jefferson and Burr tied in electoral college vote, so the House of Representatives decided the election)
** (Jefferson and Burr tied in electoral college vote, so the House of Representatives decided the election)
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** so the Electoral College votes are for combined "ticket" of President and Vice President candidates
** so the Electoral College votes are for combined "ticket" of President and Vice President candidates
* 12th amendment solidifies the two-party system  
* 12th amendment solidifies the two-party system  
** which led to greater political organization and voter turnout
** winner of the electoral college must win a majority vote
** winner of the electoral college must win a majority vote
** therefore, it is in the interest of political opponents to organize around two political parties in order to win that majority vote
** therefore, it is in the interest of political opponents to organize around two political parties in order to win that majority vote


=== European blockades of US ports ===
=== European blockades of US ports & US trade laws ===
* British-French conflict again disrupts U.S. trade and politics in 1805
* British-French conflict again disrupts U.S. trade and politics in 1805
* blockades of U.S. ports by both French and British
* blockades of U.S. ports by both French and British
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* '''Macon's Bill no. 2" 1808 reopens U.S. trade with Britain and France
* '''Macon's Bill no. 2" 1808 reopens U.S. trade with Britain and France
** France agrees to trade with the U.S. in exchange for not trading with Britain
** France agrees to trade with the U.S. in exchange for not trading with Britain
** British respond
** Britain stepped up its embargo and impressment of US sailors
** tensions between US and Britain rise


=== Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, 1807 ===
=== Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, 1807 ===
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* South Carolina had since re-opened its ports to importation of slaves
* South Carolina had since re-opened its ports to importation of slaves
* domestic slavery and slave trade were not impacted by the 1807 law
* domestic slavery and slave trade were not impacted by the 1807 law
=== expansion of slavery ===
* southerners feared that the slave revolt in Haiti would inspire similar revolts in US
** part of Jefferson's refusal to recognize Haiti in 1804 was due to southern pressure
* Louisiana Territory opened up additional land for expansion of slavery west of the Mississippi
* Eli Whitney
*
=== new states admitted from 1800-1810 ===
* 1802-3 Ohio admitted to Union
** = first state from the original Northwest Territory


=== Madison presidency, 1809-1817 ===
=== Madison presidency, 1809-1817 ===
* elected overwhelmingly over Federalist candidate Thomas Pinckney
* see 1810s timeline for details on Monroe
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* timeline here<br><br>
* 1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term<br><br>
* 1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term<br><br>
 
* 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe<br><br>
* 1813-1817 Madison presidency 2nd term<br><br>
* 1812-1815 War of 1812<br><br>
* 1812-1815 War of 1812<br><br>
* 1813-1817 Madison presidency 2nd term<br><br>
* 1813-1817 Madison presidency 2nd term<br><br>
* 1816 Election of James Monroe <br><br>
* 1816 election of James Monroe <br><br>
* 1817-1821 Monroe presidency 1st term<br><br>
* 1817-1821 Monroe presidency 1st term<br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* 1818 Treaty of 1818 (49th parallel)
* note spacing between lines using <nowiki><br><br></nowiki> code
* 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (acquisition of FL)<br><br>
* 1819 Panic of 1819<br><br>
* 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland<br><br>
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
<big>'''French/ British blockades'''</big>
<big>'''French/ British blockades'''</big>
* Napoleonic wars in Europe put pressure on international trade


<big>'''British impressment of U.S. sailors'''</big>
<big>'''British impressment of U.S. sailors'''</big>
* British policy of boarding American ships and forcing certain American sailors into service in Royal Navy


<big>'''Indian Wars in Northwest Territories '''</big>
<big>'''Indian Wars in Northwest Territory '''</big>
* westward expansion and settlement = conflict w/ Native Americans
* Indian tribal alignment w British to oppose American exapansion


<big>'''border dispute w/ Canada'''</big>
<big>'''border dispute w/ Canada'''</big>
* US '''War Hawks''' push for territory grab, especially Canada


<big>'''War of 1812<big>'''
<big>'''War of 1812</big>'''
* opposed by Federalists
* American militia attack Ontario
* British invasion and destruction of Washington in retaliation for American attack on Canada
* maritime war in Great Lakes and Atlantic coastal harbors


<big>'''Monroe & the ""Era of Good Feelings"'''</big>
<big>'''Monroe & the ""Era of Good Feelings"'''</big>
* >>
* post-War pride, nationalism and unity
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* Monroe deliberately sought political consensus
* >>
* 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1826 = national pride
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* >>
||
||
=== subheading
=== events leading up to War of 1812 ===
* >>details
* Napoleonic Wars impact on U.S.:
** British & French trade embargos / blockades
** both French and British trying to isolate U.S. trade from the other
** British impressment of U.S. sailors/ merchant ships
* War Hawks push for US to take British territory
** led by Henry Clay (Whig) and John Calhoun (Democrat)
* Federalists, especially in New England oppose the war
* The '''Hartford Convention''' (1814-15)
** Federalists demanded changes in Constitution to require 2/3ds vote for trade laws
* anti-War position led to demise of Federalists, rise of Whig party by election of 1824
 
=== Northwest Territory Indian raids and conflict leading up to War of 1812 ===
[[File:United States land claims and cessions 1782-1802.png|thumb|The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the territories north and southwest of the River Ohio]]
* Northwest Territory originally consisted of the '''Ohio Valley''' and Great Lakes regions south of Canada
** the land was ceded by the British in the '''Treaty of Paris''' of 1783 that ended the American Revolution.
** VA, MA, NY PA and CT claimed parts of the territory, often in conflict with one another's claims
*** in 1784, the Continental Congress extended the '''Mason-Dixon''' westward and defined the western border of PA, leaving the land west, the Ohio Valley, federal territory
*** the Mason-Dixon line marked the southern borders of PA with DE, MD, VA (including what is now WV); it was named for its original surveyors
*** the Mason-Dixon line became known as boundary between northern free and southern slave states
**** the northernmost corner of the Territories, in present MN, is known as the "the Angle" (see [[https://school4schools.com/wiki/index.php?title=Geography_fun_facts_%26_oddities#Enclaves_.26_exclaves Geography fun facts & oddities]] and the border was settled in 1818
** the '''Northwest Indian War''' of 1785-1795 marked a long series of conflicts in the Ohio Valley, ending with US establish rights to settlement there
** subsequently, the settler-Native Indian conflicts continued in the '''Indiana Territory''' and northwestern regions of the Northwest Territory
* Ohio became the first new state from part of the Territory in 1802
* in 1800 Indiana territory governor, William Henry Harrison, negotiated with tribes for land acquisition in
** ''Treaty of 1803'' and ** ''Treaty of Fort Wayne'' in 1809
* British military outposts maintained presence in the Territories through the end of the War of 1812
* American settlers put pressure on Native Indian land holdings
* Britain armed Native American tribes to resist American settlers
** British agents hoped to create a permanent alliance with an autonomous Indian nation in the region
* Shawnee tribal leader '''Tecumseh''' objected to the treaties on the grounds that the land belonged collectively to all the tribes, not just to those who joined the treaty (incl. Miami, Pottawatomie, Lenape)
** his brother '''Tenskwata''', known as "The Prophet", led a "purification" movement to "purify" Native Americans of European influence (including alcohol)
*** Tenskwata's movement is similar to the 1890s "Ghost Dancers" movement
*** he and Tecumseh preached Indian tribal unity and formed a confederacy of tribes
* Tecumseh's position was that he would not form an alliance with the British if the Americans returned Indian lands
* '''Battle of Tippecanoe''', 1811
** key battle took place along the Tippecanoe River
** Indiana territory governor, William Henry Harrison, led victorious Americans
*** launched him into national fame and, later, the presidency in 1840
* afterwards, Tecumseh openly aligned with the British during the War of 1812
 
=== War of 1812 ===
* American militia attack on Ontario
* Great Lakes naval battles
* burning of Washington
* war hero = '''Andrew Jackson''' at '''Battle of New Orleans''', 1815
** the battle took place after the peace agreement


- Napoleonic Wars impact on U.S.:
=== post-War economic expansion and policies ===
  > trade/ blockades
* economic expansion following War
  > both French and British trying to isolate U.S. trade from the other
** manufacturing increased under wartime economy & European trade embargos
  > British impressment of U.S. sailors/ merchant ships
* Henry Clay's “American System” largely adopted by Congress, including:
- War of 1812
** 2nd National Bank  
- economic expansion following War
** federal road building
- “American System” adopted, including
** protective tariffs
> 2nd National Bank  
> federal roads
> tariffs
- demise of Federalists, rise of Whig party by election of 1824


=== Era of Good Feelings ===
* nationalistic pride in defeat of British in War of 1812
** especially following the sound defeat of British forces at New Orleans
* Monroe toured New England to show solidarity


=== Territorial acquisitions & border settlements with Britain and Spain ===
* '''Treaty of 1818''' w/ Britain
** Britain ceded land northwest of the Northwest Territory (western modern MN and north & east ND)
** US ceded lands north of the 49th parallel above modern MT
** established the 49th parallel as the border of US and Canada from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains
*** thus is did not settle the '''Oregon Country''' boundaries, allowing joint British and American settlement
*** Oregon Country was officially ceded to the US in the '''Oregon Treaty''' of 1846
* '''Adams-Onis Treaty''', 1819 w/ Spain
** Spain ceded Florida to the US


=== subheading
- McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
* >>details
> said states cannot tax federal bank
> asserted federal power over states, i.e. Supremacy Clause
- Panic of 1819
> national bank tried to collect loans, very unpopular move


=== subheading
* >>details


=== subheading
=== subheading
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|}
|}


== 1820s: Monroe & Jackson administrations ==
== 1820s: Monroe, JQ Adams & Jackson administrations ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
<big>'''Era of Good Feelings'''</big>
<big>'''Era of Good Feelings'''</big>
* national pride following War of 1812
* national pride following War of 1812
* political divisions lessened  
* political divisions lessened  
* 1826 Declaration of Independence 50th anniversary celebrations  
* 1826 Declaration of Independence 50th anniversary celebrations  
<br<br>
<br><big>'''Monroe Doctrine (1823)'''</big>
<big>'''Monroe Doctrine (1823)'''</big>
 
* >>
<br><big>'''John Quincy Adams single term'''</big>
<br<br>
 
* "Corrupt Bargain" w/ Henry Clay




<big>'''Rise of Jackson, 1827'''</big>
<big>'''Rise of Jackson, 1827'''</big>
* Democratic Party
* Democratic Party
<br<br>
<br>


<big>'''2nd Great Awakening, 1820s-1830s/40s'''</big>
<big>'''2nd Great Awakening, 1820s-1830s/40s'''</big>
* >>
<br<br>


<big>'''Moralism / reform movements'''</big>
 
* >>
<big>'''Moralism / reform movements'''</big><br>
<br<br>


<big>'''Alexis de Tocqueville & "Democracy in America'''</big>
<big>'''Alexis de Tocqueville & "Democracy in America'''</big>
* How do people act under a democracy?
* How do people act under a democracy?
<br<br>
* What are the outcomes of equality?<br>
 
<big>'''Henry Clay & the "American System"'''</big>
<big>'''Henry Clay & the "American System"'''</big>
* Promoting commerce via tariffs, roads, & industry
* Promoting commerce via tariffs, roads, & industry
<big>'''National Bank'''</big>
<big>'''National Bank'''</big><br>
<br<br>


<big>'''Rise of the Whig Party'''</big>
<big>'''Rise of the Whig Party'''</big>
* >>
<br<br>




<big>'''Sectionalism'''</big>
<big>'''Growth in sectionalism'''</big>
* South v. North
* South v. North
* rising West
* rising West
* Southern democrats v. Northern democrats
* Southern democrats v. Northern democrats
** rural v. urban interests
** rural v. urban interests
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* >>
* >>
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=== Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ===  
=== Monroe Doctrine, 1823 ===  
* >>details
* statement of autonomy of Americas from European influence
* Spanish empire was falling a part and the Americans wanted to stop other European nations from interfering


=== rise of Whig party ===
=== rise of Whig party ===
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|
|
* timeline here<br><br>
* timeline here<br><br>
* 18xx xxxx<br><br>
* 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty<br><br>
* >> <br><br><br>
* 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* note spacing between lines using <nowiki><br><br></nowiki> code
* note spacing between lines using <nowiki><br><br></nowiki> code
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<>big>'''Mexican-American War'''</big><br>br>
<>big>'''Mexican-American War'''</big><br>br>
* >>
* 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 
<big>'''Gold Rush of 1849'''</big>
<big>'''Gold Rush of 1849'''</big>
* >>
* >>
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=== subheading
=== subheading
* >>details
* >>details
* '''Webster–Ashburton Treaty''' of 1842
** settles border agreements between US and Canada with the British, including
*** Maine/Quebec, Lake Superior and present MN (The Angle), northwestern territories border along the '''49th Parallel'''


Western expansion leads to Mexican-American war  
Western expansion leads to Mexican-American war  
Manifest Destiny
=== Manifest Destiny ===
> Manifest -= plain, easy to see, clear + Destiny = going to happen
> Manifest -= plain, easy to see, clear + Destiny = going to happen
  >> to move westward
  >> to move westward
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>> v. Indians and Spain / Mexico
>> v. Indians and Spain / Mexico
= notion that the nation will expand and it is good and right
= notion that the nation will expand and it is good and right
also:
 
=== Oregon Treaty, 1848 ===
* the Treaty of 1818 set joint British-American control of "Oregon Country for ten years with guaranteed free navigation
** after Mexican-American War, President Polk wanted to:
*** 1) consolidate US territories & 2) avoid a war with Britain over the northwest
** with larger American settlement, it was in the interest of the British to cede the territory and settle a permanent border
*** the Treaty ceded a portion of Vancouver that lies below the 49th parallel
**** a portion of a peninsula, today called Point Roberts, remained as US territory, even though it is disconnected from the US (exclave)
**** there remained in dispute control of several islands , which resulted in the 1859 "Pig War" over their control
**** it was named for an incident over a pig that sparked the conflict
 
=== Mexican-American War ===
* '''Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo''', 1848
 
Gold Rush of 1849
Gold Rush of 1849
Effects: transportation, movement, banking (also slavery tensions)
Effects: transportation, movement, banking (also slavery tensions)
   > political activism, especially in response to Compromise of 1850
   > political activism, especially in response to Compromise of 1850
> American anti-slavery society
> American anti-slavery society
   >> William Lloyd Garrison< abolitionist leader, publisher
   >> William Lloyd Garrison< abolitionist leader, publisher
     >> inspired by David Walker, a free black in Boston in 1820s
     >> inspired by David Walker, a free black in Boston in 1820s
> Frederic Douglass
> Frederic Douglass
  > Harriett Tubman
  > Harriett Tubman
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* timeline here<br><br>
* 1850 Compromise of 1850<br><br>
* 18xx xxxx<br><br>
* 1854 Gadsden Purchase <br><br>
* >> <br><br><br>
* >> <br><br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
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* >>
* >>
||
||
=== subheading
=== Compromise of 1850 ===
* >>details
* Ends the Missouri Compromise (of 1820)
 
* last of the “Great Compromisers” Clay (KY), Calhoun (CS) & Daniel Webster (MA)
Ends the Missouri Compromise (of 1820)
** Clay divided larger bill into parts in order to pass  
Last of the “Great Compromisers” Clay (KY), Calhoun (CS) & Daniel Webster (MA)
* parts of the Compromise of 1850
- Clay divided larger bill into parts in order to pass  
** California admitted as free state
Parts of the Compromise of 1850
** Fugitive Slave Law
> California admitted as free state
*** upsetting to northerners
> Fugitive Slave Law
*** included a concession to Northerners in the ban of the slave trade in DC (but not of slavery itself)
  >> super upsetting to northerners
** Utah & New Mexico added as territories w/ each to write its own constitution (popular sovereignty concept re. slavery)
  >> concession to Norhterners: banned the slave trade in DC (but not slavery itself)
* after Compromise of 1850 new generation of leaders take over, more strident, more sectional-minded, more radical / ideological on both sides
> Utah & New Mexico added as territories w/ each to write its own constitution (popular sovereignty concept re. slavery)
* decline of Whig power
> after Compromise of 1850 new generation of leaders take over, more strident, more sectional-minded, more radical / ideological on both sides
* No Nothings party > American Party, anti-immigrant (“nativism”), anti-catholic
> decline of Whig power
> No Nothings party > American Party, anti-immigrant (“nativism”), anti-catholic
>> both sides radicalize >> no way to compromise  
>> both sides radicalize >> no way to compromise  
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
=== Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) ===
  > book about slave life by Harriett Beecher Stowe
  > book about slave life by Harriett Beecher Stowe
  > sold 2 mm copies
  > sold 2 mm copies
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> Harpers Ferry, VA to instigate a slave rebellion
> Harpers Ferry, VA to instigate a slave rebellion
> put down by Federal troops, Brown hanged for treason
> put down by Federal troops, Brown hanged for treason
=== Western expansion ===
* '''Gadsden Purchase''', 1853
** negotiated after the Mexican-American war to purchase Mexican territory in the south of modern AZ and southwest area of NM
** includes modern AZ cities of Yuma & Tucson
** cost was $10 million and motive for Mexico to sell it was likely to get the money before the Americans fully populated and/or seized it


Panic of 1857
Panic of 1857
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