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US History timeline & concept chart: 1860s-1900 (view source)

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{{US History timeline & concept chart introduction template}}
{{US History timeline & concept chart introduction template}}


== 1860s: Lincoln * Johnson administrations ==
== 1860s: Lincoln & Johnson administrations ==


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<br><br>
<br><br>


Election of 1860
=== Rise of Lincoln’ political career ===
- Lyceum speech
- Congress in 1840s (1 term)
- Ran for Senate in Illinois v. Stephen Douglas
- Lincoln-Douglas debates


Lincoln stories:
* tall, tall hat (kept papers in it)
* grew up poor, rail splitter, learned to read
* humor
** “Nothing that’s not wrong with the rest of the world: I have 3 walnuts and each wants 2.”
=== Election of 1860 ===
Lincoln
Lincoln
Republican Party
Republican Party
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=== subheading
=== subheading
* >>details
* >>details
Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was
Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was
  >> but argued against slavery as unethical  
  >> but argued against slavery as unethical  
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         c. Equal Protection for all citizens
         c. Equal Protection for all citizens
15. Voting rights for black men
15. Voting rights for black men
=== Johnson administration ===
* Swing around the
* Tenure of Office Act, 1867
=== "Seward's Folly" ===
* Secretary of State William H. Seward (under both Lincoln & Johnson)
** very powerful political actor, especially under Johnson
* negotiated the '''Alaska Purchase''' (derisively called "Seward's Folly") from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million.


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** = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest  
** = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest  




=== Labor movements
=== Labor movements & unions ===
* Unionization


* rights of workers
* rights of workers
* strikes (and legality of them)
* strikes (and legality of them)
* '''Knights of Labor''', started 1869
** to organized urban factory workers and demand better working conditions, pay, and prohibition on child labor (under age 14)
* '''American Federation of Labor''' (AFL)
** led by Samuel Gompers
** denounced revolution and sought to negotiate with industry to raise wages and better work conditions
** AFL restricted union membership to white men, mostly, excluding blacks and many immigrants
* strikes & labor riots
** '''Haymarket Square Riot''', 1886
*** labor activists set off bomb that killed police, turned popular support against labor
** '''Homestead Strike''', 1892
*** steel factory strike put down by private army that killed several strikers
*** Pinkerton Detectives: hired by factory owners to put down strikes, protect strike-breakers (“scabs”)
** '''Pullman Palace Car Factory strike''', 1894
*** first national strike, when one strike was joined by others and rail travel was shut down - Labor movements split between:


* Knights of Labor, started 1869, to organized urban factory workers and demand better working conditions, pay, and prohibition on child labor (under age 14) - Haymarket Square Riot, 1886: labor activists set off bomb that killed police, turned popular support against labor  - Homestead Strike, 1892, steel factory strike put down by private army that killed several strikers
* Pinkerton Detectives: hired by factory owners to put down strikes, protect strike-breakers (“scabs”)
* - Pullman Palace Car Factory strike, 1894: first national strike, when one strike was joined by others and rail travel was shut down - Labor movements split between:
*
=== socialism ===


=== <small>* led by Eugene Debs, who wanted to overthrow capitalism > trade unions, especially American Federation of Labor (AFL), led by Samuel Gompers, who denounced revolution and sought to negotiate with industry to raise wages and better work conditions  >> AFL restricted union membership to white men, mostly, excluding blacks and many immigrants</small> ===


=== Populist movements: Grange & People's Party ===
=== Populist movements: Grange & People's Party ===
* hard v. soft money
* hard v. soft money
* =  gold v. silver
* =  gold v. silver


* Small famers want to pay debts in silver
* Small famers want to pay debts in silver
* Wm J. Bryan:  
* Wm J. Bryan:  
* “Cross of Gold Speech”
** “Cross of Gold Speech”
* as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems
** as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems
* as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies
** as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies
* key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold)
** key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold)
* silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value
** silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value
* '''Grange Movement''', starting 1867
* '''Grange Movement''', starting 1867
* grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers
* grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers
* Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics
* Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics
* People’s Party: grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party
* '''People’s Party''': grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party
> movement made up of small farmers mostly from the Midwest
** movement made up of small farmers mostly from the Midwest
> 1892 election: Omaha platform called for silver money, government takeover of railroads and telegraphs, income tax, labor reform
** 1892 election: Omaha platform called for silver money, government takeover of railroads and telegraphs, income tax, labor reform
- Socialists party arose I n1894, but was less influential
* '''William Jennings Bryan became Democratic party candidate in 1896, 1900 and 1908
> leader was Eugene Debs
** largely adopted the platform of the Grange/People’s party  
- William Jennings Bryan became Democratic party candidate in 1896, 1900 and 1908, largely by adopting the platform of the Grange/People’s party  
** Bryan: “Cross of gold” speech became famous argument for “soft money, ie silver  
>> Bryan: “Cross of gold” speech became famous argument for “soft money, ie silver  
** see 1890s: silver mines in CO & NV
>> 1890s: silver mines in CO & NV
Reform movements


Women’s rights
=== Reform movements ===
* women’s rights
* urban reform
* aanti-corruption
* workplace reform
* child labor reform
* urban reformers, including:
** Jane Addams and “Hull House” to help working mothers


Urban reform


Anti-corruption
=== newspapers & “yellow journalism” ===
 
Workplace reform
 
Child Labor reform
- urban reformers, including:
> Jane Addams and “Hull House” to help working mothers
 
== newspapers & “yellow journalism” ==


* highlighted social problems
* highlighted social problems
* exaggerated or created scandals to sell more papers
* exaggerated or created scandals to sell more papers


=== Women’s Suffrage movement ===
* movement advances into 1890s
* American Suffrage Association won victories in various states for participation of women in state elections
** western states were first to allow women's suffrage and to hold office
* Susan B. Anthony promoted women’s suffrage amendment


Women’s Suffrage movement
=== reform movements ===
 
* labor
movement advances into 1890s
* radical movements
 
* Socialism, anarchism, radicalism
Susan B. Anthony promoted women’s suffrage amendment
 
American Suffrage Association won victories in various states for participation of women in state elections
 
beginnings of the Progressive movement
 
 
radical movements
 
Socialism, anarchism, radicalism
 
anarchy, socialism, political agitation campaigns were common during this time
anarchy, socialism, political agitation campaigns were common during this time
 
* as some segments of society were not able to process changes in the economy and social structure (from farm to industry, from artisan to factory worker)
as some segments of society were not able to process changes in the economy and social structure (from farm to industry, from artisan to factory worker)
* industrial strikes were sources of agitation and infiltration by radical groups into labor movements
 
** President McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist
industrial strikes were sources of agitation and infiltration by radical groups into labor movements
** most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them
 
** many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation
 
* socialist party arose in 1894, but was less influential than other parties
President McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist
** led by '''Eugene Debs'''
 
** wanted to overthrow capitalism
most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them
 
many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation
 
<nowiki>===  Populism ===</nowiki>
 
* movement
* >>details


=== subheading
=== subheading
* >>details
* >>details
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== 1890s Harrison, Cleveland & McKinley administrations ==
== 1890s Cleveland & McKinley administrations ==
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! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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* timeline here<br><br>
* Benjamin Harrison presidency
* 1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff<br><br>
* Grover Cleveland presidency,
* Panic of 1893
* 1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff
*
 
*1896 Spanish-American war
*1898 Hawaii annexation
*
*
*<br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
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** Alfred T. Mahan's "Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783"
** Alfred T. Mahan's "Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783"
** Spanish-American War
** Spanish-American War
<br><br>
US overseas expansion & imperialism<br><br><br>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''Yellow journalism'''</big>
* >>
* USS Maine
<br><br>
<br><br>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
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<nowiki>=== tariff disputes ===</nowiki>
=== Panic of 1893 ===
 
* background causes
** US silver mines flooded markets with silver, which led to price inflation, especially for commodities (prices up), which encouraged additional land speculation
*** the 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act required that the US Government purchase silver, thus driving up the price of silver
*** farmers and miners had promoted the idea
**** farmers want inflation to reduce cost of debts, miners wanted higher silver prices
** speculative (risky investment) bubbles in Argentina, South Africa and Australia
** 1890 crisis in Argentina, which had received much US and European investment
*** wheat crop failure & attempted coup d'etat
** Europeans & domestic investors turned to US gold over "paper money"
** US railroad over-expansion
* direct causes
** in 1893, just before President Cleveland took office , the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad (yes, the "Reading" on the Monopoly board!) failed, causing '''bank runs''' and "credit crunch" (banks call loans for immediate repayment and don't offer new loans)
**
 
=== Tariffs ===
* before the 1920s, most Federal revenue was generated by tariffs
* the tariff was a deeply controversial and divisive issue across 19th and mid-20th century politics
* Democrats were traditionally low-tariff advocates and Republicans, from the Whig tradition, advocated "protective tariffs"
** to "protect" domestic products against foreign competition
** '''low tariffs''' = pro-consumer, pro-importers (especially agriculture-based economies, exported crops and imported goods)
** '''high tariffs''' = pro-industry, pro-local production; also called '''protective tariffs'''


* Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894
* Europeans used colonial possessions for home markets and protect themselves against competition via protective tariffs
** reduced rates
* US industrialization amplified the debates
** imposed income tax to make up for lost revenue from lower tariffs
 
** the Supreme Court ruled the income tax unconstitutional
* '''McKinley Tariff of 1890'''
*** not a "direct tax" since the income tax varied by income  
** explicitly protective tariff, raised rates 50% on average
*** (the Constitution required that a "direct tax" be equally applied to all citizens)
** McKinley, who would become President in 1897, was known as the "Napoleon of Protection"
*** in the landmark case ''Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.'' the Supreme Court ruled that the income tax was an "unapportioned direct tax"
** the Tariff used the concept of "reciprocal" tariffs, which mean that certain items would be exempt from tariffs, such as sugar, coffee, and tea in order "to secure reciprocal trade"
*  
*** i.e. countries exporting those goods lower tariffs on American goods
*** but the US could raise tariffs if that "reciprocity" was unmet
**** note that "reciprocity" was negotiated but not enacted between the US and Canada in 1911
** the tariff became unpopular as it raised the cost of many goods
** Republicans lost the House in 1890 and the presidency and the Senate n 1892 largely in opposition to the tariff
 
* '''Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894'''
** US overseas trade led to more competition with Europeans across the world
** Democratic-controlled Congress passed the tariff with lower rates than the McKinley Tariff
*** however, the Senate forced higher and protectionist rates that the House had passed
**** especially controversial was a tariff on sugar, which was blamed on the "Sugar Trust" (sugar producers)
*** President Cleveland allowed the bill to go into law but without his signature
**** he called it the product of "party perfidy and party dishonor"
*** domestic sugar interests have up to the present influenced tariff laws for their own protection
** the tariff imposed a 2% income tax to make up for lost revenue from lower tariffs
**** in the landmark case ''Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.'' the Supreme Court ruled that the income tax was an "unapportioned direct tax"
**** = not a "direct tax" since the income tax varied by income
**** the Constitution required that a "direct tax" be equally applied to all citizens
 
* '''Dingley Tariff of 1897'''
** enacted during McKinley's first year in office
*** he had run for president on a promise for a protectionist tariff
** the Dingley tariff marked both the longest lasting and highest overall tariff in US history
*** it was replaced in 1909 by the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909, which was deeply controversial
 
==== American imperialism ====
 
* background
* industrialization empowered American foreign trade and investments
* Alaska territory was the final "American frontier"
* decline of Spanish colonial empire, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained colonies after Latin America independence movements in the 1820s
** Cuban independence movements sought & received much support in US
* '''Alfred Mahan “Influence of Sea Power”''' (1890)
** Mahan argued for need for navy to enforce access to foreign ports for trade
** his circular logic: strong navy allows for imperialism which creates need for strong navy
** coaling stations in Hawaii allowed for more transit across the Pacific


* >>details
* '''annexation of Hawaii, 1898'''
Imperialism
** 1891 Queen Liliuokalani crowned ruler of Hawaii
** Hawaii was an important supply source for ships crossing the Pacific
*** with growth in steam power, Hawaii became even more important to American shippers for trade with east Asia
** starting in 1819 and growing into 1870s, US missionaries and settlers established sugar plantations in Hawaii
** US tariffs exempted Hawaiian sugar (which led to growth in production), but in 1890, the <nowiki>'''MicKinley Tariff'''</nowiki> subsidized American sugar producers (gave them money to lower their prices), which made Hawaiian sugar more expensive, and created an economic crisis in Hawaii
** in 1891, American planters forced abdication of newly-crowned Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
** Cleveland refused to recognize American annexation of Hawaii
** in 1898, the US officially annexed Hawaii as part of the settlement of the Spanish-American War (1898)
===== Spanish-American war, 1898 =====


Expanding Democracy or just capitalism? - Alfred Mahan “Influence of Sea Power” (1890)
* Cuban revolutionaries appealed to Americans for help for independence from Spain
> argued for need for navy to enforce access to foreign ports for trade
* "Remember the Maine!”
> logic is: strong navy allows for imperialism which creates need for strong navy
* USS Maine blew up at Havana harbor
> coaling stations in Hawaii in order to allow boats to cross the Pacific
* Yellow journalism promoted the war, blaming Spanish for blowing up the Maine
  >> to support American commerce w/ Asia
* US attacked Spanish holdings in Cuba, Puerto Rico & Philippines
- Spanish-American war, 1898
* turning each into US possessions
> Cuban revolutionaries appealed to Americans for help for independence from Spain
* "Treaty of Paris” 1898, US agreed to independence for Cuba and possession of Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam (Pacific islands)
> “remember the Maine” << USS Maine blew up at Havana harbor
* "'''Platt Amendment'''"
> Yellow journalism promoted the war, blaming Spanish for blowing up the Maine
** an amendment to an Army appropriations (funding) bill named for Senator Platt
> US attacked Spanish holdings in Cuba, Puerto Rico & Philippines, turning each into US possessions
** required that Cuba:
> “Treaty of Paris” 1898, US agreed to independence for Cuba and possession of Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam (Pacific islands)
*** not make any treaties that would weaken its independence or cede territory to another country
*** allow the US to purchase or lease land for naval stations (Guantanamo Bay)
*** not become indebted to other nations so as to give them an excuse to extract payments by military force (a common policy that in the US was later called "gunboat diplomacy"
*** agree that the US has the right to intervene in Cuba to maintain its independence and domestic peace (prevent a civil war)


=== "Open Door" policy ===
=== "Open Door" policy, 1899 ===
* Secretary of State Hay's memo
* McKinley's Secretary of State John Hay's memo declaring that all countries should be allowed to trade with Chiina
* >>details
* written in response to 1894 war between China and Japan over control of Korea
** China lost and was forced to allow Korean independence and cede control of Manchuria (northeast region), which included Port Arthur, an important naval base
** European powers demanded that Japan return Manchuria to China & in 1898 Russia forced China to "lease" (loan) Port Arthur to it
** other European nations then demanded a '''leasehold''' from China
*** allowing them to each maintain a '''sphere of influence''' in China (mostly for economic development)
** in 1899 Hay sent letter (memo) to each European nation asserting that every country had the right to trade with China, even via the European "leaseholds"
** thus "Open Door policy"
** Chinese groups organized against the European interventions and in 1900 rebelled by attacking embassies and killing or imprisoning foreigners
** the uprising was named for one of the groups, "the Boxers", thus the ''Boxer Rebellion''
*** US participated with European powers in sending vessels and troops to put down the rebellion
*** Hay negotiated compensation from China instead of full military retaliation, which Europeans accepted, thus ensuring continued US access to trade with China


=== subheading
=== subheading
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== Progressive Era ==
== Progressive Era ==
* go to next timeline: [[US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940]]
* go to next timeline: [[US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940]]
Retrieved from "https://school4schools.wiki/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/1297...1640"