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Virginia SOL Virginia and US History test: important concepts: Difference between revisions
Virginia SOL Virginia and US History test: important concepts (view source)
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(Created page with "Important concepts for the Virginia & US History SOL test * this page follows the units structure of the actual test * important concepts and facts are highlighted * source = SOL Standards and Released tests 2011, 2012, 2014 == Early America Through the Founding of the New Nation == === Native Americans === * negative impact from European settlements ** disease *** led to decline in population *** disrupted Native American tribes ** loss of land *** pushed westward...") |
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* important concepts and facts are highlighted | * important concepts and facts are highlighted | ||
* source = SOL Standards and Released tests 2011, 2012, 2014 | * source = SOL Standards and Released tests 2011, 2012, 2014 | ||
* '''key words''' are in bold | |||
== Early America Through the Founding of the New Nation == | == Early America Through the Founding of the New Nation == | ||
| Line 27: | Line 28: | ||
!Colonies | !Colonies | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Middle colonies | |'''Middle colonies''' | ||
|Mid-Atlantic | |Mid-Atlantic | ||
|Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York | |Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York | ||
|- | |- | ||
|New England colonies | |'''New England colonies''' | ||
|n/a | |n/a | ||
|Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, | |Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" |Southern colonies | | rowspan="2" |'''Southern colonies''' | ||
|Chesapeake | |'''Chesapeake''' | ||
|Virginia & Maryland | |Virginia & Maryland | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 61: | Line 62: | ||
* small manufacture | * small manufacture | ||
* independent | * '''independent farmers''' | ||
| | | | ||
* religious tolerance | * religious tolerance | ||
| Line 75: | Line 76: | ||
| | | | ||
* ocean & inland trade | * ocean & inland trade | ||
* ship building | * '''ship building''' | ||
* small manufacture | * small manufacture | ||
* independent | * independent farmers | ||
| | | | ||
* <u>Massachusetts</u>: puritanism (lack of religious tolerance) | * <u>Massachusetts</u>: '''puritanism''' (lack of religious tolerance) | ||
* <u>Other colonies</u>: religious tolerance, esp. Rhode Island | * <u>Other colonies</u>: religious tolerance, esp. Rhode Island | ||
| Line 94: | Line 95: | ||
| | | | ||
* ocean trade to sell agricultural products | * ocean trade to sell agricultural products | ||
* growing slave-based economy | * growing '''slave'''-based and large '''plantation''' economy | ||
* focus on "cash crops" for bulk (large quantity) export | * focus on "'''cash crops'''" for bulk (large quantity) export | ||
| | | | ||
* <u>Chesapeake</u>: tobacco planting with large plantations | * <u>Chesapeake</u>: '''tobacco''' planting with large plantations | ||
* <u>Colonial South</u>: rice, indigo, tobacco | * <u>Colonial South</u>: rice, indigo, tobacco | ||
* Maryland tolerated Catholics | * Maryland tolerated Catholics | ||
* Virginia mostly Protestant with some Catholics called "Cavaliers" | * Virginia mostly Protestant with some Catholics called "'''Cavaliers'''" | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== American Revolution === | |||
=== Revolutionary War === | |||
* the war started in 1775 at the battles of Lexington and Concord between '''colonial militia''' (private solders) and British professional soldiers | |||
** "Paul Revere's Ride" announced the arrival of British troops | |||
* the first major battle was at Boston (the failed British naval "siege of Boston") in 1775 | |||
** George Washington commanded the American forces | |||
** the battle set '''Washington's general strategy of maintaining defensive positions and not directly attacking''' the stronger British army and navy | |||
*** as the War went on, Washington adopted the strategy of "strategic retreat" = to attack, then move back to avoid being hit back | |||
*** this was especially important at '''Valley Forge''', where Washington kept his army away from the British and spent the winter training them and keeping up troop morale (positive fighting spirit) | |||
* the 1777 '''Battle of Saratoga''' marked an important victory for American forces over the British in Saratoga, New York (Washington was not the American commander there) | |||
** having shown that the Americans could defeat a part of the British army (which surrendered at Saratoga) | |||
** the French agreed to get involved in the War and started sending materials and, later, a larger fleet of ships | |||
* in 1781, with help from the French fleet, Washington defeated the main British army at the '''Battle of Yorktown''' in Virginia | |||
** the British surrendered and the war effectively ended | |||
** in 1783, the now independent United States signed a peace agreement with the British in the Treaty of Versailles | |||
** as part of the treaty, the U.S. took all British lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River | |||
*** this greatly expanded the size of the new country | |||
=== US Constitution === | |||
== Expansion, Reform, Civil War, and Reconstruction == | |||
* time period: 1791-1877 | |||
=== Monroe Doctrine === | |||
* after defeating the British in the War of 1812, the President James Monroe issued the "'''Monroe Doctrine'''" | |||
** a "doctrine" = a set of principles or ideas the government is supposed to follow | |||
* the '''Monroe Doctrine''' declared that European countries must stay out of the Americas | |||
** it was a very powerful statement of "self-determination" for countries in the Americas | |||
** especially to Spanish colonies in South and Central America that gained independence | |||
=== Slavery & southern Slave economy === | |||
* with introduction of the "'''cotton gin'''", large-scale cotton farming became possible | |||
** (the "gin" separated seeds from the cotton fibers) | |||
* "'''King Cotton'''" | |||
** = the dominance and dependence of cotton planting in southern states | |||
** just before the Civil War, southern states accounted for upward 40%+ of U.S. economic wealth | |||
** after the Civil War, with growth of '''northern industries''' and '''immigration''', southern states accounted for less than 20% of US economic wealth | |||
*** the south continued to produce cotton, only without slavery | |||
*** '''sharecropping''' replaced slavery | |||
**** = a system by which land owners would allow poor farmers (mostly blacks) to plant crops in exchange for a large "share" of the "crops" | |||
**** this system entrenched (made to endure) the poverty of former black slaves | |||
=== "Industrialized North" & European immigration === | |||
* during the Civil War northern factories produced huge amounts a metals and textiles for the War | |||
* after the Civil War, those steel and textile factories continued to grow | |||
* these factories needed workers, and many Europeans immigrated to the U.S. to work in them | |||
=== Transcontinental Railroad === | |||
== Emergence of Modern America and World Conflict == | |||
* time period 1877-1945 | |||
=== Immigration === | |||
=== Imperial expansion === | |||
* "imperialism" = creating colonies and / or controlling overseas (foreign) people, territories, or countries, | |||
* in the late 1800s, American merchants greatly expanded their trade markets, especially across the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean | |||
** the U.S. government in the 1890s decided to build a large coal-powered navy in order to | |||
*** protect existing and open new U.S. trade markets (especially China and Japan) | |||
*** "project" or send U.S. military power across the oceans | |||
=== Spanish-American War === | |||
* U.S. defeated Spanish forces in the Spanish colonies of Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico | |||
* US also "'''annexed'''" (officially took as a US territory) '''Hawaii''' | |||
** Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean | |||
** therefore is became an important stopping point for US ships that were crossing the Pacific Ocean | |||
*** sailing ships would stop for supplies and fresh water | |||
*** steam boats would stop of coal | |||
*** i.e., Hawaii was a "refueling station" (a place to pick up more coal for fuel for steam engines) | |||
=== World War II === | |||
* after the War, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech calling for creation of a "League of Nations" to ensure world peace | |||
** the speech was called the '''"Fourteen Points"''' speech" | |||
*** because he outlined "14 points" about democracy, self-government (national independence) and peace | |||
** the '''League of Nations''' was started by other countries, but the U.S. Senate refused to join the treaty and thus the US stayed out of it | |||
== The United States since World War II == | |||
* time period 1945-today | |||
[[Category:Virginia SOL: Virginia & US History test]] | |||