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Virginia SOL Virginia and US History test: important concepts: Difference between revisions

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Virginia SOL Virginia and US History test: important concepts (view source)

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* this page follows the units structure of the actual test
* this page follows the units structure of the actual test
* the names, places, dates and terms are all taken from the three released Virginia & US History SOL tests
* important concepts and facts are highlighted  
* important concepts and facts are highlighted  
* source = SOL Standards and Released tests 2011, 2012, 2014
* source = SOL Standards and Released tests 2011, 2012, 2014
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=== American Revolution ===
=== American Revolution ===
* after French-Indian War the British exercised more control over the American Colonies
** forbade (prohibited) settlement in "Indian Territories" = lands west of the Appalachians
** required colonists to trade only directly with England
** increased taxes
** required "stamps" (marks of official permission) for legal and commercial actions
* the Colonists objected to the new controls
* Colonists began to circulate "pamphlets" (essays) that
** objected to the new taxes and controls
** declared philosophical reasons for liberty, equality and self-government


=== Revolutionary War ===
=== Revolutionary War ===
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* declared equality of men
* declared equality of men
* denied the need for a king
* denied the need for a king
* argued for independence from Britain
|
|
* convinced the people that the colonies should declare independence from England
* convinced the people that the colonies should declare independence from England
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* Federalism
* Federalism
*Judicial review
*Judicial review
**"Marbury v. Madison
**'''John Marshall''' of Virginia
**John Marshall
***was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
***he created the idea of "'''judicial review'''" in the case, "'''Marbury v. Madison'''"


== Expansion, Reform, Civil War, and Reconstruction ==
== Expansion, Reform, Civil War, and Reconstruction ==
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|
|-
|-
|lack of educational opportunities
|educational opportunities
|educational opportunities
|lack of educational opportunities
|education
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|
|
|-
|-
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|Emancipation Proclamation
|Emancipation Proclamation
|
|
* declared that the slaves in states in rebellion were free
** note that the Proclamation did not free slaves in the several slave states that were not in rebellion, but Lincoln felt he did not have the power to do that
** the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 fully abolished slavery
|-
|-
|Abraham Lincoln
|Abraham Lincoln
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|Gettysburg Address
|Gettysburg Address
|
|
* important statement about the purpose of the war:
** to uphold the values of equality and liberty in the Declaration of Independence
** to affirm democracy ("''government of the people, by the people and for the people''")
|-
|-
|Woodrow Wilson
|Woodrow Wilson
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|"Fourteen Points Speech"
|"Fourteen Points Speech"
|
|
* declared that people around the world deserved international guarantees of
** "self-determination" (deciding their own form of government)
** protection from invasion from other countries
** free trade and free passage in the oceans
* called for the formation of a "League of Nations" to implement these ideals
|-
|-
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
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|"We have nothing fear but fear itself" speech
|"We have nothing fear but fear itself" speech
|
|
* FDR's 1st inaugural address in 1933
* declared that as bad as things were in the economy due to the Great Depression
** that the nation could come together to fix it
** and that only fear of change would stop that
|-
|-
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
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|"A day that will live in infamy" speech
|"A day that will live in infamy" speech
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|
* speech given after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec 7, 1941
|-
|-
|John F. Kennedy (JFK)
|John F. Kennedy (JFK)
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|"Berlin Wall speech"
|"Berlin Wall speech"
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|
* after the Russians constructed a wall to separate East (Russian controlled) from West Berlin (American controlled)
** the built the wall to keep people from fleeing (escaping) East Germany
* Kennedy declared that he would support the West Berlin people ("I am a Berliner")
|-
|-
|Lyndon Johnson
|Lyndon Johnson
|196>
(LBJ)
|1964
|"Great Society speech"
|"Great Society speech"
|
|
* declared that the US should not have poverty
* called for a "war on poverty" through Federal programs designed to assist the poor and prevent poverty in general and also to support education
|-
|-
|Martin Luther King  
|Martin Luther King
(MLK)
|1963
|1963
|"I have a dream speech"
|"I have a dream speech"
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|
* at the March on Washington at the Lincoln Memorial, MLK discussed his vision of a nation that respected people of all colors
** and that would no longer separate or treat people differently based on the color of their skin
** thus "I have a dream..."
|-
|-
|Ronald Reagan
|Ronald Reagan
|198>
|1987
|"Tear down this wall" speech
|"Tear down this wall" speech
|
|
* Reagan gave a speech in West Berlin that challenged the Soviets (Russian communists) to "tear down" the Berlin Wall that separated East from West Berlin
* the idea was that all walls or other forms of barriers that the Soviets had built to protect communism and keep people from escaping it should come down
* two years later, the Berlin Wall was brought down as the Soviet Union collapsed
|}
|}
== Geography ==
see other Virginia SOL study pages here: [[:Category:Virginia SOL: Virginia & US History test|Category:Virginia SOL: Virginia & US History test]]
* for US geography, maps and timelines
== Civics and Economics ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
* supply = things or people available
* demand = things or services that people want
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Situation
!Supply
!Demand
!Prices
|-
|Demand up
|up
|n/a
|up
|-
|Supply up
|n/a
|up
|down
|-
|Supply & Demand up
|n/a
|n/a
|stay the same
|-
|Prices up
|up
|down
|n/a
|-
|Prices down
|down
|up
|n/a
|}
=== Economics vocabulary ===
* bank failure = when a bank does not have enough money to "cover" or pay back all of its customer deposits
** bank failures occur when banks have used people's deposits to make loans, and those loans go unpaid
*** which leaves the bank unable to "cover" those deposits
* boom / bust periods
** boom = periods of economic growth
** bust = periods of economic decline, such as
*** recession = mild decrease in the economy
*** depression
* business cycle = the ups and downs of markets and the economy in general
* GDP = "gross domestic product"
** = the total value of economic transactions in a country over a year
* markets = any category of economic activity, such as
** oil market = business activity regarding petroleum (drilling, refining, selling oil, gasoline, etc.)
** stock market = a market to buy and sell "stlocks" or "shares" (ownership) in a company
* profit & loss = money gained or lost in economic transactions
* speculation = risky investments or economic activity in hopes of making a large profit
** over-speculation = a time when too many people are taking risks, so prices and/or markets collapse (go down)
* tariff = a tax on imported or exported goods
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