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* this page follows the units structure of the actual test
* this page follows the units structure of the actual test
* the names, places, dates and terms are all taken from the three released Virginia & US History SOL tests
* important concepts and facts are highlighted  
* important concepts and facts are highlighted  
* source = SOL Standards and Released tests 2011, 2012, 2014
* source = SOL Standards and Released tests 2011, 2012, 2014
Line 121: Line 122:


=== American Revolution ===
=== American Revolution ===
* after French-Indian War the British exercised more control over the American Colonies
** forbade (prohibited) settlement in "Indian Territories" = lands west of the Appalachians
** required colonists to trade only directly with England
** increased taxes
** required "stamps" (marks of official permission) for legal and commercial actions
* the Colonists objected to the new controls
* Colonists began to circulate "pamphlets" (essays) that
** objected to the new taxes and controls
** declared philosophical reasons for liberty, equality and self-government


=== Revolutionary War ===
=== Revolutionary War ===
Line 168: Line 179:
* declared equality of men
* declared equality of men
* denied the need for a king
* denied the need for a king
* argued for independence from Britain
|
|
* convinced the people that the colonies should declare independence from England
* convinced the people that the colonies should declare independence from England
Line 256: Line 268:


=== US Constitution ===
=== US Constitution ===
==== Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, 1787 ====
* following George Washington's calls for amendment to the Articles of Confederation
* states sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss forming of a new government
** '''James Madison''' of Virginia was the "thinker" behind the ideas of the Constitution
** George Washington presided over (oversaw, led) the Convention
* after several months of "closed deliberation" (meeting in secret) the Convention sent the new Constitution to the states for ratification (approval)
==== Ratification of the Constitution by the states ====
* as the states discussed the Constitution, two groups generally supported or opposed it
** the "'''Federalists'''" supported the new "federal" (central) government as necesarry for the country to move forward
** the "anti-Federalists" opposed the Constitution as giving too much power to the new government, putting the rights of the people at risk
==== Arguments for and against the Constitution ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Group
!Argument
|-
|'''Federalists'''
* Alexander Hamilton
* James Madison of Virginia
|the country needed a strong central government in order to:
* preserve the Union over fights and alliances between the states
* tax fairly in order to provide for the common benefit
* maintain common laws for trade and relations between the states
* pay for an army and navy
* negotiate treaties with other countries
* avoid and settle disputes between the states
|-
|'''anit-Federatlists'''
* Patrick Henry of Virginia
* George Mason of Virginia
|the proposed constitution and its strong central government:
* had no recognition or protections of the rights of the people and the states
* was too strong because:
** it endangers the rights of the people
** it takes too many powers from the states
** it would not respond to the local needs of the people and states
|-
|compromise with the '''Bill of Rights'''
|the anti-federalists successfully argued for a "Bill or Rights" to be added to the Constitution in order to
* recognize the rights of the people
* limit the ability of the government to violate the rights of the people and the states
it was agreed that if the Constitution were adopted (or "ratified") by the states, a Bill of Rights would be added to it
* these are the first ten amendments (change/additions) to the Constitution, known collectively (all together) as "'''the Bill of Rights'''"
|}


==== Principles of the Constitution ====
==== Principles of the Constitution ====
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* Federalism
* Federalism
*Judicial review
*Judicial review
**"Marbury v. Madison
**'''John Marshall''' of Virginia
**John Marshall
***was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
***he created the idea of "'''judicial review'''" in the case, "'''Marbury v. Madison'''"


== Expansion, Reform, Civil War, and Reconstruction ==
== Expansion, Reform, Civil War, and Reconstruction ==
Line 352: Line 419:


=== Missouri Compromise of 1820 ===
=== Missouri Compromise of 1820 ===
* allowed entry of
** Missouri as a slave state
** Maine as a free state
* set a rule that no more slave states would be allowed north of the 36' 30" parallel
** which Missouri was above, but was generally thought of as the line between the North and South
=== Westward Expansion ===
* US territory greatly expanded following:
** Louisiana Purchase, 1803
** Mexican-American War, 1846
Western economy
* railroads
** allowed movement of crops and cattle for sale in eastern markets
** "'''cattle drives'''"
=== Compromise of 1850 ===
* Fugitive Slave Act
=== Kansas-Nebraska Act ===
=== Dred Scott Decision ===


=== Civil War ===
=== Civil War ===
Line 364: Line 457:
* Dred Scott decision, 1857
* Dred Scott decision, 1857
* Fort Sumpter
* Fort Sumpter
* Assassinatin of Lincoln
* Assassination of Lincoln
* Radical Republicans
* Radical Republicans


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**** "confederacy" = a reference to the "Articles of Confederation"
**** "confederacy" = a reference to the "Articles of Confederation"
***** which gave more power to the states than did the US Constitution
***** which gave more power to the states than did the US Constitution
*** elected Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederate States (the "'''Confederacy'''")
*** elected '''Jefferson Davis''' as President of the Confederate States (the "'''Confederacy'''")
* '''Robert E. Lee'''
** remained loyal to the Virginia and took command of the "Army of Northern Virginia" to fight for the Confederacy
** Lee surrendered to General U.S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
** after the War, Lee supported reconciliation of the North and South
** he later became president of Washington College


=== Reconstruction ===
=== Reconstruction ===
Line 388: Line 486:


* time period 1877-1945
* time period 1877-1945
'''Womens rights movements'''
* called "'''suffrage'''" movement
** suffrage = the right to vote
** "suffragettes" = women who protested for the right to vote
* the original US Constitution guaranteed the rights of free males to vote and hold office
** the 13th & 14th amendments s established citizenship and guaranteed the equality for former slaves
** however, the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for former male and not female slaves
*** therefore, no women were able to vote in national elections
* the '''19th Amendment''' of 1920 guaranteed the right to vote for women
** after World War I, when women went to work in factories while many men went to war
** the Constitution was amended to allow women the right to vote
* Womens rights advocates also worked to secure other forms of equality for women, including
** property and legal rights
** rights to work, as well as protections from abuse from employers
** political participation


=== Industrialization ===
=== Industrialization ===
Line 404: Line 519:
* factory conditions
* factory conditions


=== Womens rights ===
**
 
* the original US Constitution guaranteed the rights of free males to vote and hold office
** the 13th & 14th amendments s established citizenship and guaranteed the equality for former slaves
** however, the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for former male and not female slaves
*** therefore, no women were able to vote in national elections
* the '''19th Amendment''' of 1920 guaranteed the right to vote for women
** after World War I, when women went to work in factories while many men went to war
** the Constitution was amended to allow women the right to vote
*** "suffrage" = the right to vote
*** "suffragettes" = women who protested for the right to vote
* Womens rights advocates also worked to secure other forms of equality for women, including
** property and legal rights
** rights to work, as well as protections from abuse from employers
** political participation


=== Immigration ===
=== Immigration ===
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|
|
|-
|-
|religous persecution
|religious persecution & intolerance
|religious freedom
|religious freedom
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|lack of educational opportunities
|educational opportunities
|education
|
|
|-
|
|
|family connections to prior immigrants to the US
(called "chain migration")
|
|
|
|
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* US neutrality
* US neutrality
* US entry
* US entry
** sinking of the '''Lusitania''' ship by German submarine (U-Boat)
** '''sinking of the Lusitania''' ship by German submarine (U-Boat)


* after the War, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech calling for creation of a "League of Nations" to ensure world peace
* after the War, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech calling for creation of a "League of Nations" to ensure world peace
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** propaganda (publicity) for the war  
** propaganda (publicity) for the war  
*** anti-German and anti-Japanese propaganda
*** anti-German and anti-Japanese propaganda
** wage and price controls
** rationing of important supplies and materials
*** esp. rubber tires, gasoline, metal


== The United States since World War II ==
== The United States since World War II ==
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**** = peaceful demonstration and peaceful violation of unjust laws
**** = peaceful demonstration and peaceful violation of unjust laws
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Civil Rights Leaders
|+Black Civil Rights Leaders
!Period
!Period
!Name  
!Name  
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!
!
|-
|-
|1850s
| rowspan="3" |1840s-1870s
|Frederick Douglass
|Frederick Douglass
|
|
* born in slavery, highly educated, wrote books against slavery in 1840s and 1850s
*the most eloquent anti-slavery voice in the movement
|
|-
|Harriet Tubman
|
* born in slavery, led rescue missions to free slaves as part of the Underground Railroad
* became active in the women's suffrage movement after the Civil War
|
|-
|Sojourner Truth
|
* born in slavery, spoke against it across the North
|
|
|-
|-
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|Booker T. Washington
|Booker T. Washington
|
|
* born in slavery, after the Civil War he advocated for '''education and economic progress''' for blacks
* supported building of schools and universities for blacks
** for vocational and trade skills
** for professional skills
* he was the most prominent supporter of black leader of the late 1800s/ early 1900s
* he did not directly oppose segregation, instead advocated working around it for advancement
|
|
|-
|-
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|W.E.B. DuBois
|W.E.B. DuBois
|
|
* opposed Booker Washington's approach of not challenging segregation
* founded the NAACP, which worked to support equality for blacks and to challenge unjust laws in the courts
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|}
|}
* while it will not be on the Virginia SOL, other important Civil Rights leaders include
** Willam Lloyd Garrison
*** a newspaper publisher who attacked slavery starting in the 1830s
** Henry Ward Beecher
*** Calvinist (Christian) minister who attacked slavery on religious grounds
** Susan B. Anthony
** Harriett Beecher Stowe
*** wrote the anti-slavery book, "'''Uncle Tom's Cabin''', which was the best selling book of the time (1852)


==== March on Washington & Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech ====
==== March on Washington & Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech ====
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** '''Martin Luther King''' gave his "'''I have a dream'''" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial
** '''Martin Luther King''' gave his "'''I have a dream'''" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial
**
**
Civil Rights Act of 1964
'''Voting Rights Act of 1965'''
* enacted by Congress under President Johnson
* greatly expanded ability of blacks to register to vote and vote in elections in the South


=== Vietnam ===
=== Vietnam ===
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*** 1947 "Berlin Crisis"
*** 1947 "Berlin Crisis"
*** Wall built in 1961 to keep East Berlin people from escaping to West Berlin
*** Wall built in 1961 to keep East Berlin people from escaping to West Berlin
=== Containment policy ===


==== Ronald Reagan ====
==== Ronald Reagan ====
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* as of 1991, the Soviet Union no longer existed
* as of 1991, the Soviet Union no longer existed
** replaced by the "Russian Federation"
** replaced by the "Russian Federation"
**
**former Eastern European and Asian countries that had been part of the USSR were restored as independent nations
***ex. Lithuania, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc.
*with collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR):
**"eastern block" countries who were communist but not part of the Soviet Union
**they dropped Communism
**Germany was reunited
***it had been split between East Germany (Soviet supported) and West Germany (US supported)


=== Globalism ===
=== Globalism ===
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=== Internet ===
=== Internet ===


* connecticity
* connectivity
* globalism
* globalism
*
*coding as a job skill


=== War on Terror ===
=== War on Terror ===
Line 720: Line 875:
== General Comparative Charts & Concepts ==
== General Comparative Charts & Concepts ==


* the following charts cover comparative questions
** these questions compare different topics and people across time
** these charts are designed to help students make connections between people, issues, events and dates
** if students can associate a date with each of these concepts, it will lead to stronger recall and ability to identify context


=== Political Parties ===
=== Political Parties ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Party
!Dates
!General Positions
!People & Regions
|-
|'''Federalists'''
|1790s-1815
|supported:
* strong federal government
* investment in economic infrastructure, esp. for canals & roads for trade
* '''tariffs and national bank'''
* economic ties to Great Britain
opposed:
* French Revolution
|people:
* Alexander Hamilton
* John Adams
regions:
* Northeast
* esp. central and northern coastal cities
|-
|'''Democratic-Republicans'''
|1790s-1824
|supported:
* republicanism (popular government through representatives)
* agrarian economy (farm-based)
* western expansion (esp. for small farmers)
* supported French Revolution and economic ties with Franceopposed:
* tariffs and national bank
* called the Federalists "aristocratic" (elites)
* economic and political ties with Great Britain
|people:
* Jefferson
* Madison
regions:
* South
* western frontier
|-
|'''Democratic Party'''
|1824-1865
|supported:
* expansion of voting rights to white men who did not own property
* territorial (western) expansion and Indian Wars
* slavery and expansion of slaveryopposed:
* tariffs and national bank
|people:
* Andrew Jackson
* John C. Calhoun
regions:
* South
* Middle Atlantic
* western states & fronteir
|-
|'''Whig Party'''
|1824-1854
|supported
* tariffs and national bank
* building of canals, roads, and railroads
* support of industryopposed:
* slavery and expansion of slavery
** Whigs abolished slavery in northern states and opposed its expansion
** however, Whig support for the '''Compromise of 1850''' led to the collapse of the party, especially the '''Fugitive Slave Law''' that was part of the Compromise
|people:
* Henry Clay
regions:
* Northeast
* near and mid-West states north of '''Missouri Compromise''' line (36' 30")
|-
|'''Republican Party'''
|1856-1877
|supported
* tariffs and national bank
* transcontinental railroad
* western settlement land grants (giving people land for settling on it)
* post-Civil War "'''Reconstruction'''" =
** re-uniting the country
** punishing Confederate leaders
** protecting rights of freed slaves
opposed
* slavery and expansion of slavery
|people
* Abraham Lincoln
* the "Radical Republicans"regions
* North and midwest
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Political Issues & Political Party Alignments ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Period
!Period
Line 729: Line 1,006:
!Notes
!Notes
|-
|-
|Early Republic
|1794
|Jay Treaty (w/ Britain)
|Jay Treaty (w/ Britain)
|Hamilton/ '''Federalists'''
|Hamilton/ '''Federalists'''
|'''Jefferson/ Democrats'''("Democratic-Republicans)
|'''Jefferson/ Democrats'''("Democratic-Republicans)
|
|
* Jay Treaty settled border disputes and presence of British troops and created stronger economic ties between the US and England
* signed by US and Britain 10 years after the Treaty of Versailles that ended the Revolutionay War ( 1783)
* Jeffersonians opposed the treaty because it created a clo
* settled border disputes and presence of British troops  
* created stronger economic ties between the US and England (settling debts
* Jeffersonians opposed the treaty because it created a closer relationship between the US and Great Britain
|-
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |1790s-1815
|France v. Britain
|French Revolution
|Federalists supported England and disliked the French Revolution
|Federalists supported England and disliked the French Revolution
|Democrats favored France & the French Revolution
|Democrats favored France & the French Revolution
Line 744: Line 1,023:
* in a series of wars between Britain and France (1890s-1815), Americans held opposing views towards each side
* in a series of wars between Britain and France (1890s-1815), Americans held opposing views towards each side
|-
|-
|France v. Britain (wars)
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1800s-1865
|War of 1812 (w Britain)
|War of 1812 (w Britain)
|Federalists opposed the war
|Federalists opposed the war
Line 751: Line 1,035:
* Federalist opposition to the War of 1812 ended the party; the "'''Whigs'''" replaced them
* Federalist opposition to the War of 1812 ended the party; the "'''Whigs'''" replaced them
|-
|-
|Antebellum
|'''National Bank'''
|National Bank
|
|Whigs (former Federalists
* Federalists
 
* Whigs (after 1824)
|
|
* Democratic-Republicans
* Democrats (after 1824)
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Tariff'''(taxes on imports)
|
|
|Tariff
* Federalists
|
 
* Whigs (after 1824)
|
|
* Democratic-Republicans
* Democrats (after 1824)
|
|
* tariffs are imposed on imported goods
* tariffs are imposed on imported goods
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** raise money (taxes)
** raise money (taxes)
** protect local manufacture of those types of goods
** protect local manufacture of those types of goods
|-
|'''Slavery'''
|
* Federalists allowed for continued existence of slavery
|
* Democratic-Republicans
* Democrats (after 1824)
|
* Democratic-Republicans & Federalists supported the Compromise of 1820, which divided the nation between Free and Slave states
* Whigs opposed slavery & its expansion
* Democrats supported slavery & its expansion
|-
|-
|
|
Line 779: Line 1,085:
!Suffrage
!Suffrage
!Notes
!Notes
!
|-
|-
|1790s-1820s
|1790s-1820s
|white males with property had the general right to vote
|white males with property had the general right to vote
|
|
|
|-
|-
|1820s-1850s
|1820s-1850s
|white males without property gained the right to vote
|white males without property gained the right to vote  
|
|
|1
* known as the "Jacksonian Revolution", as Andrew Jackson inspired common whites (men) to vote and greatly expanded political participation
|-
|-
|1870
|1870
|15th amendment secured the right to vote for former slaves (i.e., black men)
|15th amendment secured the right to vote for former slaves (i.e., black men)
|
|
|
|-
|-
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|19th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for women
|19th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for women
|
|
|1
|-
|-
|196>
|196>
|the >> amendment abolished poll taxes
|the >> amendment abolished poll taxes
|
|
|
|-
|-
|197>
|197>
|the legal age of voting in national elections was set at age 18
|the legal age of voting in national elections was set at age 18
|
|
|
|}
|}
Line 834: Line 1,134:
|Emancipation Proclamation
|Emancipation Proclamation
|
|
* declared that the slaves in states in rebellion were free
** note that the Proclamation did not free slaves in the several slave states that were not in rebellion, but Lincoln felt he did not have the power to do that
** the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 fully abolished slavery
|-
|-
|Abraham Lincoln
|Abraham Lincoln
Line 839: Line 1,142:
|Gettysburg Address
|Gettysburg Address
|
|
* important statement about the purpose of the war:
** to uphold the values of equality and liberty in the Declaration of Independence
** to affirm democracy ("''government of the people, by the people and for the people''")
|-
|-
|Woodrow Wilson
|Woodrow Wilson
Line 844: Line 1,150:
|"Fourteen Points Speech"
|"Fourteen Points Speech"
|
|
* declared that people around the world deserved international guarantees of
** "self-determination" (deciding their own form of government)
** protection from invasion from other countries
** free trade and free passage in the oceans
* called for the formation of a "League of Nations" to implement these ideals
|-
|-
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
Line 849: Line 1,160:
|"We have nothing fear but fear itself" speech
|"We have nothing fear but fear itself" speech
|
|
* FDR's 1st inaugural address in 1933
* declared that as bad as things were in the economy due to the Great Depression
** that the nation could come together to fix it
** and that only fear of change would stop that
|-
|-
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
|Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
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|"A day that will live in infamy" speech
|"A day that will live in infamy" speech
|
|
* speech given after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec 7, 1941
|-
|-
|John F. Kennedy (JFK)
|John F. Kennedy (JFK)
Line 859: Line 1,175:
|"Berlin Wall speech"
|"Berlin Wall speech"
|
|
* after the Russians constructed a wall to separate East (Russian controlled) from West Berlin (American controlled)
** the built the wall to keep people from fleeing (escaping) East Germany
* Kennedy declared that he would support the West Berlin people ("I am a Berliner")
|-
|-
|Lyndon Johnson
|Lyndon Johnson
|196>
(LBJ)
|1964
|"Great Society speech"
|"Great Society speech"
|
|
* declared that the US should not have poverty
* called for a "war on poverty" through Federal programs designed to assist the poor and prevent poverty in general and also to support education
|-
|-
|Martin Luther King  
|Martin Luther King
(MLK)
|1963
|1963
|"I have a dream speech"
|"I have a dream speech"
|
|
* at the March on Washington at the Lincoln Memorial, MLK discussed his vision of a nation that respected people of all colors
** and that would no longer separate or treat people differently based on the color of their skin
** thus "I have a dream..."
|-
|-
|Ronald Reagan
|Ronald Reagan
|198>
|1987
|"Tear down this wall" speech
|"Tear down this wall" speech
|
|
* Reagan gave a speech in West Berlin that challenged the Soviets (Russian communists) to "tear down" the Berlin Wall that separated East from West Berlin
* the idea was that all walls or other forms of barriers that the Soviets had built to protect communism and keep people from escaping it should come down
* two years later, the Berlin Wall was brought down as the Soviet Union collapsed
|}
== Geography ==
see other Virginia SOL study pages here: [[:Category:Virginia SOL: Virginia & US History test|Category:Virginia SOL: Virginia & US History test]]
* for US geography, maps and timelines
== Civics and Economics ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
* supply = things or people available
* demand = things or services that people want
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Situation
!Supply
!Demand
!Prices
|-
|Demand up
|up
|n/a
|up
|-
|Supply up
|n/a
|up
|down
|-
|Supply & Demand up
|n/a
|n/a
|stay the same
|-
|Prices up
|up
|down
|n/a
|-
|Prices down
|down
|up
|n/a
|}
|}
=== Economics vocabulary ===
* bank failure = when a bank does not have enough money to "cover" or pay back all of its customer deposits
** bank failures occur when banks have used people's deposits to make loans, and those loans go unpaid
*** which leaves the bank unable to "cover" those deposits
* boom / bust periods
** boom = periods of economic growth
** bust = periods of economic decline, such as
*** recession = mild decrease in the economy
*** depression
* business cycle = the ups and downs of markets and the economy in general
* GDP = "gross domestic product"
** = the total value of economic transactions in a country over a year
* markets = any category of economic activity, such as
** oil market = business activity regarding petroleum (drilling, refining, selling oil, gasoline, etc.)
** stock market = a market to buy and sell "stlocks" or "shares" (ownership) in a company
* profit & loss = money gained or lost in economic transactions
* speculation = risky investments or economic activity in hopes of making a large profit
** over-speculation = a time when too many people are taking risks, so prices and/or markets collapse (go down)
* tariff = a tax on imported or exported goods
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