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US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940: Difference between revisions
US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940 (view source)
Revision as of 23:44, 8 March 2024
, 8 March→1920s: Wilson, Harding, Coolidge & Hoover administrations
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* 1900 McKinley reelected | * 1900 McKinley reelected | ||
** defeated Democratic and progressive candidate William Jennings Bryan | ** defeated Democratic and progressive candidate William Jennings Bryan | ||
* | * 1901 McKinley assassinated by an anarchist | ||
** 1902 Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumes the presidency<br><br> | ** 1902 Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumes the presidency<br><br> | ||
* 1902-1905 Roosevelt first term<br><br> | * 1902-1905 Roosevelt first term<br><br> | ||
* 1903 Coal strike << confirm date | * 1903 Coal strike << confirm date | ||
* 1904 Roosevelt "corollary" to Monroe Doctrine | |||
* 1905-1909 Roosevelt 2nd term<br><br> | * 1905-1909 Roosevelt 2nd term<br><br> | ||
* 1907 Panic of 1907 | * 1907 Panic of 1907 | ||
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'''BIG IDEAS''' | '''BIG IDEAS''' | ||
<big>'''McKinley popularity high with strong economy and Spanish-American War victories'''</big><br<br> | <big>'''McKinley popularity high with strong economy and Spanish-American War victories'''</big><br<br> | ||
<big>'''"Theodore Roosevelt''' presidency | <big>'''"Theodore Roosevelt''' presidency | ||
* known was "Teddy" and "TR" | * known was "Teddy" and "TR" | ||
* gained fame as "Colonel Roosevelt" in Spanish-American War | |||
** led "charge up San Juan Hill" | |||
*** a minor battle but highly publicized | |||
* progressive populist | * progressive populist | ||
* "'''Bully pulpit'''" | * "'''Bully pulpit'''" | ||
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| | | | ||
* timeline here<br><br> | * timeline here<br><br> | ||
* | * 1909-1913 Taft presidency | ||
* 1913-1917 Wilson 1st term | |||
* 1914-18 World War I <br><br> | |||
* 1917 US entrance to WWI<br><br> | |||
* 1917-1921 Wilson 2nd term | |||
* 18th Amendment put into law the long temperance fight to ban alcohol | |||
* >> <br><br> | * >> <br><br> | ||
* >> <br><br> | * >> <br><br> | ||
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* >> | * >> | ||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
<big>''' | <big>'''World War I'''</big> | ||
* | * American neutrality | ||
* “Foreign War” | |||
* protest/ dissent suppressed | |||
<br><br> | <br><br> | ||
<big>'''subsection'''</big> | <big>'''subsection'''</big> | ||
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<big>'''subsection'''</big> | <big>'''subsection'''</big> | ||
* >> | * >> | ||
* see [https://www.westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-one World War One (Westpoint)] | |||
|| | || | ||
=== | === World War I (WWI) === | ||
* | * breaks out in Europe in 1914 | ||
* American neutrality | |||
** = official US policy at beginning of the European war | |||
* English blockade of US ports to block shipments to Germany | |||
** Germany responded with U-Boats (submarine) attacks on ships supplying Great Britain | |||
* '''Zimmerman telegram''' | |||
** German ambassador to Mexico tried to get Mexico to declare war on U.S. | |||
** his telegraph was intercepted by British and sparked anti-German outrage in U.S. | |||
* '''Committee on Public Information (CPI)''' ran anti-German and anti-Russian propaganda during the war | |||
* Congress passes laws prohibiting dissent against U.S. involvement in the War: | |||
** '''Espionage Act, 1917''' | |||
** '''Sedition Act , 1918''' | |||
** = reminiscent of Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798 | |||
* selective Service Act of 1917: authorized draft of soldiers | |||
* Spanish Flu, 1917-18 | |||
** massive pandemic exacerbated by wartime preparations with concentrations of young solders | |||
=== post-War peace agreements and peace efforts === | |||
* Treaty of Versailles | |||
* Wilson's '''Fourteen Points''' | |||
* Worldwide attempts to prevent future wars: | |||
** Washington Conference (limiting arms stockpiling) | |||
** 1929? Kellogg-Briand Pact: international agreement to outlaw war | |||
U.S. | U.S. | ||
=== radicalism in US === | |||
* 1917 '''Red Scare''' | |||
** in response to Russian Revolution and its support within radical segments of the U.S. | |||
** used to justify Sedition Act | |||
* bombs, strikes | |||
** socialists and anti-war radicals demonstrated and led strikes during the War, which they saw as a capitalist enterprise | |||
** many radical leaders were immigrants, who were often blamed for those movements | |||
** following WWI and anti-war agitation, public turned anti-immigrant and immigration was largely shut down through 1920s until after WWII | |||
** bombings: during 1918-1920 a series of bombs were set off by radicals, | |||
*** including the ''Wall Street Bombing'', which killed 30 | |||
* '''Palmer Raids, 1920s''' | |||
** US government responded to bombings and agitations by arresting 10,000+ people under suspicion of anti-American and pro-Russian sympathies | |||
** FBI created to investigate radicals during WWI and was used to enforce prohibition laws | |||
*** FBI's jurisdiction came from the '''Mann Act''' of 1910 that authorized federal policing (enforcement) of anti-prostitution laws, known as "white slavery" | |||
*** J. Edgar Hoover ran the agency, led it like his own kingdom | |||
=== subheading | === subheading | ||
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Leads to Great Depression | Leads to Great Depression | ||
Stock Market Crash causes | |||
* over-speculation | |||
* overly optimistic investor reaction to strong economic growth in early 1929 (net profits of traded companies in first 6 months of 1929 rose 36.6% over same period prior year) | |||
* stock buying on margin (using borrowed money) | |||
* called "margin buying" | |||
* Oversupply of "winter wheat" over the winter of 1928-1929 led to drop in prices | |||
* stock prices reacted with a drop in June, 1929, but "stags" -- amateur investors" jumped in over the lower prices | |||
* speculation exploded | |||
* as of Aug, 1929, brokers loaned up to 2/3rds the stock price | |||
* more money was loaned for the market than the amount of currency circulating in the U.S. | |||
* meanwhile, wheat prices continued to decline | |||
* Average P/E ratio hit 32.6 n Sept. 1929 | |||
* "Circular money" or "trading" led to increase in prices without any real increase in actual funds or new inflows of capital (outside of loans) | |||
* "circular trading" leads to "speculative bubbles" | |||
* By mid-1929, autos, houses, steel and other production benchmarks commenced to slow or decline, as overproduction begam to impact inventories | |||
* part of the overproduction was caused by a drop in overseas sales due to the collapse in bond markets in Europe (banking sector) | |||
* 16% of American households had investments in stocks | |||
* In October, 1929, in response to a 1928 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) report on fraud and unfair trade practices among electrical companies, which were controlled by holding companies (trusts), Congress proposed legislation to regulate the public utilities industry; as a result, the sell-off commenced, forcing margin-buyers to cover loans by selling at lower and lower prices. | |||
* In August 1929, the Federal Reserve raised rates from 5% to 6%, which made it more expensive to take loans | |||
* as the market declined, a "liquidity crisis" followed, under which investors were unable to secure new loans or cover the value of existing loans, i.e., their portfolios were "not liquid" and could not be easily converted into cash without selling at lower and lower prices.<br /> | |||
* see https://time.com/5707876/1929-wall-street-crash/ | |||
- Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover | - Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover | ||
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=== subheading | === subheading | ||
* >>details | * >>details | ||
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