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US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940 (view source)

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'''US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940'''
'''US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940'''


'''Objectives:'''
{{US History timeline & concept chart introduction template}}
* ''to help students to''
** associate timelines with events, persons, themes & concepts
** associate presidents with timelines, themes & concepts
** identify timelines with BIG IDEAS across periods of US history
** find connections and common themes across US history
** easily find relevant details for larger comprehension
* ''to help teachers to''
** quickly review US History content for lesson planning
** provide students with easy and complete reference source for US history


[[category:US History]]
== 1890-1910s: Progressive Era ==
[[category:AP United States History]]
[[category:US History timelines & concept charts]]
 
'''Index'''
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: periods, events & themes| US History timeline & concept chart main page]]
* [[:category:U.S. History timelines & concept charts| US History timelines & concept charts list]]
 
 
U.S. History course pages:
* [[US History]]
* [[AP United States History]]
<br>
 
== 1890s=1910s: Progressive Era ==


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* timeline here<br><br>
* 1890s-1910s Progressive Era<br>
* 18xx xxxx<br><br>
* Jacob Reis photographs NYC tenements<br><br>
* Teddy Roosevelt becomes NYC police commissioner<br><br>
*
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
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'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* progressivism = urban, middle & professional class reformers
* >>
* felt that big business and corrupt government had endangered the country
<br><br>
* sought greater government control of the economy
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<br><big>'''Direct democracy'''</big>
* >>
* "initiative, referendum & recall"
<br><br>
<br><big>'''Economic & labor reform'''</big>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* labor laws
* >>
* government control of monopolies
<br><br>
*
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<br><br><big>'''Muckrakers'''</big>
* >>
* >>


||
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=== subheading
=== Progressive Era ===
* >>details
1890s-1910s Progressive Era


* 1890s-1910s


Middle Class Reformers
* Middle class & professional class, urban reformers
** as opposed to 1890s Populist movements which were mostly farmers and rura
**
*


Anti-Corruption
=== Progressive issues/ agenda: ===


“Scientific Approach” to public policy”
* anti-corruption (local, state and national)
* “scientific approach” to public policy
** = public policy should be removed of politics and informed by experts
* electoral reform
** limiting expenditures (known today as "campaign finance reform"
** direct election of Senators
*** the Constitution allowed states to decide how to select US Senators
*** progressives wanted the voters and not the legislatures to decide
*** led to the '''17th Amendment'''
* anti-trust/ anti-monopolies
** especially railroads and banks
* public safety
** clean cities
** municipal ownership of utilities (electricity, sanitation, trolleys, etc.)
** honest policing
** safe housing
* workplace / labor reforms, especially
** ban child labor
** limit work hours
** minimum wages
** retirement pensions
** access to health care
* “direct democracy
** progressives believed that government corruption would be fixed by more “direct” participation of voters in laws and government
** = voters to decide "directly" by-passing legislatures
** = '''initiative, referendum & recall'''
*** initiative = voters can propose laws to be voted on by popular vote (majority vote)
*** referendum = voters can veto or block existing laws by popular vote
*** recall = voters can "recall" or fire elected officials, including governors & judges
* anti-court / anti-judicial review
** progressives believed that the courts had too-strictly interpreted the Constitution and thereby blocked necessary laws
** progressives wanted the popular voter to essentially replace judicial review


“Direct Democracy”
* other issues:
** forest and park management
** truthful advertising rules
** railroad price regulations for passengers and freight


=== Progressive Era personalities ===


- Progressives/ Progressive Movement
* Robert LaFollette: WI Senator, progressive movement leader
- legacy of movement = more activist government controlling economy via regulations
* Theodore Roosevelt
> consisted of northern middle class, educated professionals who looked to fix the problems of the day, which they saw as the result of corruption
* WEB DuBois: founder of the NAACP
> progressivism consisted of various individuals, groups and organizations, especially professional organizations such as the American Bar Association, National Municipal League, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), etc.
* Margaret Sanger: womens’ suffrage & rights, promoted contraceptives and abortion 1890s
- journalists led and fueled progressive causes with investigative stories on corruption, labor, health and workplace conditions (child labor, esp).
> they were known as Muckrakers, meaning “raking muck” (horse dung), i.e. “digging up dirt”
> Muckrakers contributed to growth of magazines and news industry, which rose national awareness of issues
>> which fueled political agitation and demand for government reform
> governments, local, state and national responded with regulations and greater enforcement of laws, especially for food, drugs, workplace conditions
> womens’ suffrage advanced during progressive era, although it took WWI for the constitutional amendment to protect the right of women to vote (19th amendments, 1920
- “Direct democracy” : progressives believed that government corruption would be fixed by more “direct” participation of voters in laws and government. 
> successful in many cities and some states, they promoted:
1. initiative: voters could propose new laws to be voted on by the public
2. referendum: voters could vote on proposals set for popular vote by officials or legislatures
3. recall: voters could vote to remove public officials from office
- Commissions: progressives wanted governments to be “scientific” and not political, so they promoted use of “commissions” as independent governing bodies, especially for regulatory bodies
- economic reforms:
> anti-trust (banning monopolies)
> railroad regulations, especially prices for passengers and freight
> child labor, workplace, maximum work hours, & other workplace rules
> food and drug safety, sanitation, and truthful advertising
- other reforms:
> municipal sanitation
> anti-corruption
> forest and park management
1890s-1910s Progressive Era personalities - Robert LaFollette: WI Senator, progressive movement leader
- President Theodore Roosevelt
- WEB DuBois: founder of the NAACP
- Margaret Sanger: womens’ suffrage & rights, promoted contraceptives and abortion
1890s-1910s Progressive Era Constitutional Amendments


Progressive Era legislation
=== Progressive Era legacies ===
- 16th Amendment, 1913: federal income tax
* food safety and child labor laws
- 17th Amendment, 1913: direct election of Senators (states previously selected Senators by vote in the legislature; by the time of this amendment, most states had already allowed for “direct” or “popular” election of Senators by the public
* workplace regulations
- 18th Amendment, 1919: banned sale of alcohol
* regulatory bodies composed of "experts"
- 19th Amendment, 1920: guaranteed right to vote for women
* '''17th Amendment direct election of senators'''
 
* '''primaries''' (electoral)  
Laws/ Agencies:
* '''Federal Reserve Board'''
- Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906 (following publication of “The Jungle” exposing meat industry conditions)
** in its ultimate form it was not a central bank
- Federal Trade Commission
** a compromise between public and private banking (see below)
- Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
** main job = to regulate the money supply
- Federal Reserve Act
* the Progressive agenda was more fully enacted in federal law under the 1930s Depression-Era '''New Deal'''
 
=== subheading
* >>details


=== subheading
=== Progressivism and women’s suffrage ===
* >>details
* was advanced during progressive era
** although it was not central to mainstream progressivism
* it took WWI for the '''19th Amendment''' to pass to protect the right of women to vote (1920)


=== subheading
=== Progressive Era legislation ===
* >>details
* Constitutional amendments:
** '''16th Amendment''', 1913: federal income tax
** '''17th Amendment''', 1913: direct election of Senators (states previously selected Senators by vote in the legislature; by the time of this amendment, most states had already allowed for “direct” or “popular” election of Senators by the public
** '''18th Amendment''', 1919: banned sale of alcohol
** '''19th Amendment''', 1920: guaranteed right to vote for women
* Laws/ Agencies:
** Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906 (following publication of “The Jungle” exposing meat industry conditions)
** Federal Trade Commission
** Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
** Federal Reserve Act
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* timeline here<br><br>
* timeline here<br><br>
* 18xx xxxx<br><br>
* 1897-1901 McKinley 1st term <br><br>
* 1900 McKinley reelected
** defeated Democratic and progressive candidate William Jennings Bryan
* 1901 McKinley assassinated by an anarchist
** 1902 Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumes the presidency<br><br>
* 1902-1905 Roosevelt first term<br><br>
* 1903 Coal strike << confirm date
* 1904 Roosevelt "corollary" to Monroe Doctrine
* 1905-1909 Roosevelt 2nd term<br><br>
* 1907 Panic of 1907
* 1909-19313 Taft presidency<br><br>
* 1910 recession
 
<br><br>
 
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
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'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
 
* >>
<big>'''McKinley popularity high with strong economy and Spanish-American War victories'''</big><br<br>
<big>'''"Theodore Roosevelt''' presidency
* known was "Teddy" and "TR"
* gained fame as "Colonel Roosevelt" in Spanish-American War
** led "charge up San Juan Hill"
*** a minor battle but highly publicized
* progressive populist
* "'''Bully pulpit'''"
** = exercised rhetorical powers of the presidency (publicity, speeches, setting national agenda)
** effective self-promoter
* "'''strike buster'''"
* "progressive reformer"
<br><br>
 
<big>'''Taft presidency'''</big>
* was TR's Secretary of War and appointed successor
* was expected to carry on "Roosevelt legacy"
* governed more conservatively than Roosevelt
* Taft-Roosevelt break: falling out
* "'''Payne-Aldrich Tariff'''"
 
 
 
 
 
 
<br><br>
<br><br>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''Panama Canal'''</big>
* >>
* started 1903
* completed 1913<<
<br><br>
<br><br>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
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* timeline here<br><br>
* timeline here<br><br>
* 18xx xxxx<br><br>
* 1909-1913 Taft presidency
* 1913-1917 Wilson 1st term
* 1914-18 World War I <br><br>
* 1917 US entrance to WWI<br><br>
* 1917-1921 Wilson 2nd term
* 18th Amendment put into law the long temperance fight to ban alcohol
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
* >> <br><br>
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* >>
* >>
<br><br>
<br><br>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''World War I'''</big>
* >>
* American neutrality
* “Foreign War”
* protest/ dissent suppressed
 
<br><br>
<br><br>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
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<big>'''subsection'''</big>
<big>'''subsection'''</big>
* >>
* >>
 
* see [https://www.westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/world-war-one World War One (Westpoint)]
||
||
=== subheading
=== World War I (WWI) ===
* >>details
* breaks out in Europe in 1914
World War I, 1914-1918,
* American neutrality
US: 1917-18
** = official US policy at beginning of the European war
 
* English blockade of US ports to block shipments to Germany
Neutrality
** Germany responded with U-Boats (submarine) attacks on ships supplying Great Britain
 
* '''Zimmerman telegram'''
“Foreign War”
** German ambassador to Mexico tried to get Mexico to declare war on U.S.
** his telegraph was intercepted by British and sparked anti-German outrage in U.S.
* '''Committee on Public Information (CPI)''' ran anti-German and anti-Russian propaganda during the war
* Congress passes laws prohibiting dissent against U.S. involvement in the War:
** '''Espionage Act, 1917'''
** '''Sedition Act , 1918'''
** = reminiscent of Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798
* selective Service Act of 1917: authorized draft of soldiers
* Spanish Flu, 1917-18
** massive pandemic exacerbated by wartime preparations with concentrations of young solders


Protest/ dissent
=== post-War peace agreements and peace efforts ===
 
* Treaty of Versailles
Ensuring Peace - American neutrality = official US policy at beginning of the European war
* Wilson's '''Fourteen Points'''
- English blockade of US ports to block shipments to Germany
* Worldwide attempts to prevent future wars:
> Germany responded with U-Boats (submarine) attacks on ships supplying Great Britain
** Washington Conference (limiting arms stockpiling)
- Zimmerman telegram: German ambassador to Mexico tried to get Mexico to declare war on U.S.; his telegraph was intercepted by British and sparked anti-German outrage in U.S.
** 1929? Kellogg-Briand Pact: international agreement to outlaw war
- Espionage Act, 1917, Sedition Act , 1918: laws prohibiting dissent against U.S. (reminiscent of Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798)
- Selective Service Act of 1917: authorized draft of soldiers
- Spanish Flu, 1917-18: massive pandemic exacerbated by wartime preparations with concentrations of young solders
- Committee on Public Information (CPI) ran anti-German and anti-Russian propaganda during the war
- Worldwide attempts to prevent future wars:
> Washington Conference (limiting arms stockpiling)
> Kellogg-Briand Pact: international agreement to outlaw war
U.S.  
U.S.  
Prohibition, Red Scare


Communist Revolution in Russia
=== radicalism in US ===
* 1917 '''Red Scare'''
** in response to Russian Revolution and its support within radical segments of the U.S.
** used to justify Sedition Act
* bombs, strikes
** socialists and anti-war radicals demonstrated and led strikes during the War, which they saw as a capitalist enterprise
** many radical leaders were immigrants, who were often blamed for those movements
** following WWI and anti-war agitation, public turned anti-immigrant and immigration was largely shut down through 1920s until after WWII
** bombings: during 1918-1920 a series of bombs were set off by radicals,
*** including the ''Wall Street Bombing'', which killed 30
* '''Palmer Raids, 1920s'''
** US government responded to bombings and agitations by arresting 10,000+ people under suspicion of anti-American and pro-Russian sympathies
** FBI created to investigate radicals during WWI and was used to enforce prohibition laws
*** FBI's jurisdiction came from the '''Mann Act''' of 1910 that authorized federal policing (enforcement) of anti-prostitution laws, known as "white slavery"
*** J. Edgar Hoover ran the agency, led it like his own kingdom


Radicalism in US (bombs, strikes) - 18th Amendment put into law the long temperance fight to ban alcohol
- Red Scare: socialists and anti-war radicals demonstrated and led strikes during the War, which they saw as a capitalist enterprise
> many radical leaders were immigrants, who were often blamed for those movements
> bombings: during 1918-1920 a series of bombs were set off by radicals, including the Wall Street Bombing, which killed 30
- Palmer Raids, 1920s: US government responded to bombings and agitations by arresting 10,000+ people under suspicion of anti-American and pro-Russian sympathies
- FBI created to investigate radicals during WWI and was used to enforce prohibition laws
> J. Edgar Hoover ran the agency, led it like his own kingdom
- following WWI and anti-war agitation, public turned anti-immigrant and immigration was largely shut down through 1920s until after WWII


=== subheading
=== subheading
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Leads to Great Depression
Leads to Great Depression


Stock Market Crash causes


* over-speculation
* overly optimistic investor reaction to strong economic growth in early 1929 (net profits of traded companies in first 6 months of 1929 rose 36.6% over same period prior year)
* stock buying on margin (using borrowed money)
* called "margin buying"
* Oversupply of "winter wheat" over the winter of 1928-1929 led to drop in prices
* stock prices reacted with a drop in June, 1929, but "stags" -- amateur investors" jumped in over the lower prices
* speculation exploded
* as of Aug, 1929, brokers loaned up to 2/3rds the stock price
* more money was loaned for the market than the amount of currency circulating in the U.S.
* meanwhile, wheat prices continued to decline
* Average P/E ratio hit 32.6 n Sept. 1929
* "Circular money" or "trading" led to increase in prices without any real increase in actual funds or new inflows of capital (outside of loans)
* "circular trading" leads to "speculative bubbles"
* By mid-1929, autos, houses, steel and other production benchmarks commenced to slow or decline, as overproduction begam to impact inventories
* part of the overproduction was caused by a drop in overseas sales due to the collapse in bond markets in Europe (banking sector)
* 16% of American households had investments in stocks
* In October, 1929, in response to a 1928 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) report on fraud and unfair trade practices among electrical companies, which were controlled by holding companies (trusts), Congress proposed legislation to regulate the public utilities industry; as a result, the sell-off commenced, forcing margin-buyers to cover loans by selling at lower and lower prices.
* In August 1929, the Federal Reserve raised rates from 5% to 6%, which made it more expensive to take loans
* as the market declined, a "liquidity crisis" followed, under which investors were unable to secure new loans or cover the value of existing loans, i.e., their portfolios were "not liquid" and could not be easily converted into cash without selling at lower and lower prices.<br />
* see https://time.com/5707876/1929-wall-street-crash/


- Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover
- Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover
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=== subheading
=== subheading
* >>details
* >>details
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