US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies

US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries

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Index

• Major concepts & themes across US History
• Category:US History timelines & concept charts pages list

Page structure & format guide

• US History timeline & concept chart page structure format guide

U.S. History course pages:

• US History
• AP US History

Article objectives

• exploration & colonialism motives & purposes
• role of domestic Britain conditions and choices in American colonialism
  • especially religious & political conflict, population & economic growth
• regional, economic, and demographic aspects of colonial expansion
• timeline up to the French-Indian War (1754)

Protestant Reformation, European political and religious conflicts & impact on American colonies

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1517 Protestant Reformation 1527 Henry VIII separates from Catholic Church 1642–1651 English Civil War 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule) 1649 Maryland Toleration Act (religious tolerance) 1661 "English Restoration" of Charles II 1688-1689: Glorious Revolution Catholic James II deposed & replaced by protestant rulers William & Mary 1688-1689 Tolerance Act of 1688 & English Bill of Rights of 1689	Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation English Civil War Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America	BIG IDEAS Protestant Reformation creates conflict between Catholics & protestants Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church & create Church of England ("Anglican church") English Civil War (religious and political) DETAILS Protestant Reformation subsequent conflict between Catholics & protestants Thirty Years War French genocide of Huguenots (protestants) Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism printing of the Bible in local dialects religious self-identity has political implications on notions of self-rule Church of England & Protestantism in England 1534 Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church & create Church of England ("Anglican church") the break ensures English-Spanish/French competition / wars Protestant objections to centralized Church of England doctrine leads to the splinter religious dissenters known generally as "Separatists" and "Puritans" and their offshoots, including Brownists followers of Robert Browne in 1550s who were among the first separatists who opposed the Church of England most of the pilgrims on the 1620 Mayflower were Brownists Quakers (who would settle in Pennsylvania) Levelers -- arose during the English Civil War: believed in popular sovereignty and religious tolerance behaved like populists with speeches, pamphlets, rallies, etc. Anabaptists (opposed infant baptism; included Amish and Mennonite movements) Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 European war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions, mostly in central Europe tremendous negative impact on European populations & economies estimates of 4.5 to 8 million dead (some parts of Germany suffered 50% population declines) 1648 Peace of Westphalia terms of settlement indirectly established principles of "national sovereignty" and "non-interference" see Westphalian sovereignty (wikipedia) created independent Dutch state (freed from control by Spain) France, which joined the war late, was empowered weakening of Spain England largely free of involvement or impact of 30 Years War impact on American colonies shift in European balance of power from Spain & Portugal to England, France & Netherlands competition for American colonial possessions increased increase in slave trade to include Dutch, French and English English Civil War, 1642–1651 extremely violent, disruptive period across the British Isles, hundreds of thousands of deaths from combat "Royalists" (also called "Cavaliers") v. "Parliamentarians" (also called "Roundheads") Royalists supported Charles I's attempts to consolidate power over Parliament Charles I was crowned in 1625 as King of England, Scotland and Ireland Charles immediately exerted "royal privilege" and the "divine right of kings" (royal absolutism) he introduced taxes without Parliament's consent Parliamentarians wanted to limit the King's powers, including his control of the Church of England and appointment of his ministers religious disagreement contributed to tensions in 1625 Charles married a Catholic, Henrietta Maria (Queen Mary), upsetting protestants who feared Catholicism royalists supported the King has head of the Church, as well as accommodation of Catholicism in Ireland and Scotland Parliamentarians wanted a more "presbyterian" church whose hierarchy was separate from the monarchy they accused Charles of being sympathetic to Catholicism and of trying to re-impose Catholic forms and perhaps Catholicism itself historians divide the English Civil War into three periods (not our concern here) 1649 execution of Charles I Third Civil War ends in 1651 when Charles II was exiled the Commonwealth 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule) the Commonwealth was marked by political dissention only Cromwell held it together, falling apart a year after his death in 1658 and his son's unsuccessful rule "Restoration" of Charles II in 1660 after Cromwell died and his son was unable to maintain rule Significance of English Civil War Parliament's victory ensured the English "constitutional" monarchy over the French form of absolute monarchy while parliament reinforced is powers and its status as representative of the people, the monarchy's reinstatement after the Commonwealth meant that Britain and its colonies would remain under a monarchy England remained dominantly protestant anti-Catholicism would remain strong among British protestants both at home and in the colonies American colonial anti-Catholicism drove colonial identity and served as a catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada just as British rule of Catholic Ireland created religious tensions & resentments, eventual British colonial rule of Catholic Quebec, Canada, created religious tensions and resentments in the 13 American colonies English Civil War impact on American colonies colonialists were divided in loyalties to Parliament or King Puritan colonies, especially Massachusetts, aligned with the Parliamentarians with the Parliamentarian victory, some Puritan colonialists returned to England conflict in the colonies: Virginia (a "crown colony" as of 1634) and Maryland ("proprietary colony" but owned by the Catholic Calver family) were strongly allied with Royalists The "Plundering Time" or "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion" = Protestant invasion of Kent Island and St. Mary's City in Maryland, 1644-46 two years of raiding and turmoil Maryland governor, Cecilius Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore), fled to Virginia Lord Baltimore regained power 1646 during the Commonwealth, Parliament appointed protestant commissioners who opposed Lord Baltimore the commissioners essentially ran the state from 1654-1658 under protestant rule, Maryland repealed the 1649 Maryland Toleration Act (which had provided for religious tolerance) "Battle of the Severn" in 1655 near Annapolis, MD, called "the last battle of the English Civil War" (see Battle of the Severn (wikipedia) a protestant settlement at Horn Point on the Severn River skirmished with Lord Baltimore's forces in 1658 Lord Baltimore regained control and an amnesty was declared See: History of Religion in the United States (wikipedia) Glorious Revolution & English Bill or Rights & Tolerance Act 1688-1689 "Glorious Revolution" after the restoration of Charles II and his death, James II attempted to impose authoritarian rule as had Charles I James II was Catholic he was deposed in 1688 (and tried to raise an army to take over England but failed) the Dutch prince, William of Orange, invaded and took the crown as co-regent with Mary II, daughter of James II Mary was an Anglican and not a Catholic as was her father Parliament passed: the Tolerance Act of 1688 affirmed religious rights to non-conformist protestants English Bill of Rights of 1689 clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens

British exploration and early settlements

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1497 Cabot expedition to explore coast of North America 1585 Roanoke colony fails; knowns as the "Lost Colony" 1578 "Frobisher expedition" to find the Northwest Passage (route to Asia over Canada) failed but spurred British interest in North America 1607-11 Henry Hudson explorations of Canada in search of Northwest Passage 1607 Jamestown settlement 1614 Tobacco 1st shipped to England 1625 British colonial population in areas of the 13 colonies: 2,000 by 1775: 2.4 million 1634 Maryland founded by Catholic George Calvert 1642 English Civil War 1651 British Navigation Act 1676 Bacon's Rebellion 1681, William Penn granted charter for Pennsylvania 1692 Salem Witchcraft Trials 1721 British policy of "Salutary Neglect"	>> to do	BIG IDEAS during 1500s Britain sponsors several exploratory expeditions to the Americas the goal is to find gold and a passage to Asia settlements attempted without success in 1500s early 1600s, successful settlements in Chesapeake region & Massachusetts Headright system used to encourage migration to colonies British competition with Dutch British seize Dutch colonies in central Atlantic DETAILS Early British explorations of North America British interest & plans after news of Columbus’ expeditions, the British organized an exploration headed by John Cabot Cabot was an Italian navigator from Venice (a maritime empire at the time) Cabot's name was Giovanni Caboto he became the 1st European to visit to coastal North America since the Vikings it is possible that Columbus had, prior to his 1492 expedition, visited Iceland, Greenland or, possibly, Canada in 1477 Columbus is thought to have visited Bristol, England, which maintained trade with Iceland Cabot sailed from Bristol, so he used the knowledge of Bristol mariners Cabot’s explorations laid the basis for subsequent British and French competition for control of modern Canada, especially Newfoundland, Quebec and the Great Lakes regions. 1497 Cabot expedition Henry VII sent Cabot to explore North American coast and find gold or other riches and to by-pass the Americas and find a western route to Asia his 1st expedition was unsuccessful the 2nd reached "Newfoundland", the easternmost point of modern Canada he may also have encountered Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and/or Maine a third expedition was organized in 1498 it was unsuccessful, and Cabot may have been lost at sea 1508-1509 Sebastian Cabot's expedition John Cabot's son he explored the North American coast from the Hudson Strait (and possibly the Hudson Bay itself) to the Chesapeake Bay Henry VIII became king in 1509 and had no interest in further explorations of North America 1607-11 Henry Hudson seeks the Northwest Passage Hudson explored the Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware Bay, the Hudson River, Nova Scotia and the Hudson Bay Hudson made land claims and traded with Native Americans (fur) after spending the winter of 1611 at James Bay (southern part of Hudson Bay), Hudson's crew mutinied and sent him, his son, and a few crewmen into the Bay in a small boat, where after they disappeared Hudson's primary accomplishments were British claims on land development of fur trade competition with the Dutch for North American lands and fur trade Virginia settlements of North America 1583 St. Johns, Newfoundland colony 1585 Roanoke colony ("Lost Colony") original 112-121 colonists died, dispersed or were killed by Indians had poor relationship with local tribes a rescue expedition in 1590 found the settlement abandoned 1607 Jamestown colony established relations with local Algonquin tribes by 1617 only 351 out of the original 1700 English had survived 1617-1620 population grew to 1240 in response to tobacco farming relations with Indians deteriorated Tobacco economy John Rolfe planted seed from Trinidad in Virginia 1614 fist tobacco shipment to England European markets demanded more tobacco spurred colonial growth and migration headright system enacted to bring more labor to the colony headright system = land grant for settlers who paid for transport of indentured servants to the colonies 1619 Virginia set the value of "high quality" tobacco at 3 shillings 1642 tobacco became "legal tender" (official currency/money) goods, services and taxes could be paid with tobacco 1727 Virginia created "tobacco notes" or "tobacco receipts" = official certificates or "receipts" representing a certain amount of tobacco stored in a government warehouse instead of exchanging actual tobacco, these "receipts" were used see https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tobacco-money Tobacco As Money (Encyclopedia.com)] Early American Colonists Had a Cash Problem. Here's How They Solved It (Time.com) use of tobacco as currency led to great expansion of tobacco planting and overall economy but also led to inflation of value of goods in tobacco (more tobacco needed to pay for goods) the colony attempted to limit tobacco production in order to keep prices down farms were burnt quality of tobacco went down as farmers sought to produce more quantities headright system started 1618 in Jamestown colony to encourage migration to the colony offered land in the colonies in exchange for paying passage for someone to migrate those people became "indentured servants" = "served" their sponsor without pay for a certain period of time (typically 3 years) 1 headright = 50 acres sponsors living in the colonies received 2 headrights per passage (paying for 1 person to sail to colonies) immigrants who paid for their own passage received 1 headright immigrants who paid for another person's passage received 1 headright per passage passage typically cost 6 pounds per person this system incentivized passage of families as a single household (multiple headrights to one family) headright system was mostly used in central Atlantic colonies system was used must less in New England colony of Maryland 1634 Maryland founded by Catholic George Calvert, Lord Baltimore; granted by English King Charles I first prioprietary colony = owned and governed by an individual British governance of early colonies up until 1763, Britain largely ruled the colonies indirectly events leading up to and after the English Civil War occupied British attentions outside of the colonies English Civil War Glorious Revolution Restoration the primary method of governance was through charters, grants and trade regulations King James II's 1686 attempt to impose more direct rule of the colonies by revoking existing charters of most northeastern colonies into the "Dominion of New England" failed (see below) Royal charters & mercantilism colonial reorganization in order to control the colonial possessions, the British government/ King created or reorganized colonial charters Plymouth colony, for example, never received a Royal charter and thus lacked legal standing after dissolution of the Dominion of New England in 1689 and the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter was revoked by James II the British "Lords of Trade" incorporated them in 1691 into Province of Massachusetts Bay along with coast islands and most of modern Maine (but without New Hampshire) Dominion of New England in response to colonial resistance of the Navigation Acts, as well as in order to more directly rule the region in 1686 King James II reorganized various New England and Mid-Atlantic colonial entities into the Dominion of New England the proprietary colonies of Delaware and Pennsylvania were excepted especially targeted was the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Boston merchants for resisting the Navigation Acts colonial resistance: resented the revocation of their charters and feared that the English King was trying to impose the Church of England the 1689 Boston revolt and Leisler Rebellion (in New York) resisted Dominion rule the Dominion was dismantled in 1689 and new charters were granted after the Glorious Revolution under William & Mary mercantilism European political and economic policy of forcing colonial possessions to trade directly with the home country and not others Navigation Act of 1651 required that all trade to/from colonies had to be conducted on English ships designed to force American colonists to trade directly with England was mostly targeted at colonial trade with the Dutch, which the English wanted to halt the Act contributed to the Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 (impacted colonial trade but no battles in North America) Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660 & 1696 targeted specific goods that were to be transported only on English ships including: sugar, tobacco, fabric, indigo (dye), ginger required that ships trading with American colonies must first stop at British ports for inspection and taxes the 17th century Navigation Acts were largely unenforced in the American colonies Salutary neglect "salutary" = "producing good effects," usually as result of something unwanted lax British control of the colonies up until 1763 (after the French-Indian War) Britain governed through granting or reorganization of land and colonial charters, taxes on imports into England and occasional enforcement of "Navigation Acts" British fiscal policy 1721 followed the idea of "salutary neglect": Robert Walpole, British Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in 1721: sought to increase taxes on colonies by reducing them, which would allow for greater economic activity Walpole wrote: " “if no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish” which would lead to an increase in trade with the colonials, and, thus, higher tax receipts on duties on that trade the term "salutary neglect" was coined in 1775 by Edmund Burke, a pro-colonial Irish-British politician click EXPAND for excerpt from Burke's speech to Parliament in 1775: “That I know that the colonies in general owe little or nothing to any care of ours, and that they are not squeezed into this happy form by the constraints of watchful and suspicious government, but that, through a wise and salutary neglect, a generous nature has been suffered to take her own way to perfection; when I reflect upon these effects, when I see how profitable they have been to us, I feel all the pride of power sink, and all presumption in the wisdom of human contrivances melt, and die away within me.” see What Was the British Policy of Salutary Neglect? (historyofmassachusetts.org)

Early British North American colonization

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1583: English claim Newfoundland 1585: first English settlement at Roanoke, VA 1587: "Lost colony" of Roanoke (abandoned by 1590) 1603: King James I crowned 1606 First Charter of Virginia 1607 Jamestown settlement 1608 Separatist group moves to Holland 1618 Great Charter (established VA self-governance) 1620 Mayflower Company/ Plymouth settled by Pilgrims 1622 Jamestown Massacre 1624: Virginia Company abolished; royal Colony 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1642: House of Burgesses	British colonial population growth 1530-1680: 200,000 immigrants arrived to the colonies Push / Pull factors conditions that "pushed" British emigration conditions that "pulled" colonial immigration Joint Stock Company shared ownership for commercial venture; used by England for 1st colonies Virginia Company: to establish colonies & find gold (didn’t) Headright System land grant for brining laborers to colonies Indentured servants House of Burgesses legislature, governing body of VA colony Separatists (religious) wanted autonomous congregations “separate” from Church of England Puritans: anti-papal/ anti-Catholic, wanted to “purify” English Churches Pilgrims: separatists group sailed to Plymouth from Holland Mayflower Compact: Pilgrim contract for self-rule William Bradford: became Plymouth Colony governor; wrote book “On “Plymouth Plantation” John Winthrop & "city upon a hill" “A Model of Christian Charity”: Winthrop sermon declaring Christian mission of the colony	BIG IDEAS Corporate structure & charters of British colonial enterprises British settlements & interactions/ conflicts with Native Americans Religious movements & motivations Concept of self-governance expressed/ experienced: House of Burgessses John Winthrop Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Push/Pull factors for British settlement in North America Push factors population growth in England religious & political persecution primogeniture (1st born inherits), so 2nd+ sons seeking opportunity political advantage corporate organization (formal structures for exploration & migration) criminality Pull factors economic opportunity adventurism religious freedom political opportunity economic opportunity "new start" demand for labor slavery DETAILS British colonial population growth & demographics 1625: 2,000 1775: 2.4 million from 1530-1680 200,000 immigrants arrived to the colonies of approx 500,000 European migrants to the American colonies before 1775, approx: 55,000 were prisoners 215,000 came as indentured servants 75% of those were under the age of 25 most of the indentured children were related to the sponsor demographic impact increasing diversity of migrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany diverse origins, religions, and motives headright system & indentured servitude led to diverse economic class African slavery 1630-1770s, 1/2 to 2/3rds of European migrants to the American colonies came as indentured servants see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude#North_America https://web.viu.ca/davies/H320/population.colonies.htm Joint-stock company = artificial entity to limit liability and distribute profits/losses across multiple ownership via “stocks” or portions of the enterprise originated in order to distribute risk in dangerous/ uncertain ventures such as trans-oceanic trade or colonial enterprise generally require legal authorization, esp. from monarchs in early modern Europe Virginia Company of London aka the "London Company" or the "Virginia Company," 1607-1624 1624: abolished and Virginia became “crown colony” Chartered by James I, actually a series of companies and colonial activities goal = establish English settlements on N.A. east cost also = find gold (didn’t), but did learn tobacco from Indians, John Rolfe (married Pocahontas) cultivated new strains for European market self-governed enterprise = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials Jamestown, 1607 1st settlements failed, resupplied Anglo-Powhatan wars English enmeshed in Indian tribal warfare 1610: English attacked tribes, took hostages, 1612 tribal leader Powhatan arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks Jamestown Massacre, 1622, Indians murdered colonials peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion Headright System/Headrights = grant of land to colonial settlers first employed w/ VA colony, then Plymouth and others the “great charter” 1816 established headright system purpose was to populate, invest and procure labor land grants up to 1000 acres prior to departure in exchange for sending labor, usually indentured servants Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 Ii 1636, disaffected Massachusetts Puritans settled in Connecticut River valley 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together” 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony Fundamental Orders document declared protection of certain rights of individuals, limits on the government and the secret ballot for election of magistrates = considered first written constitution in English tradition and important step towards “self-goverance” thus the modern “Constitution State” state motto House of Burgesses, 1642-1776 local assembly/ legislature for Virginia colony, bicameral replaced the “Council of State” which operated under the Great Charter gained power over governors over time, representation expanded w/ colony tension w/ British government Separatists, 16th-17th centuries Protestants who wanted independent churches from Church of England initially illegal and persecuted but gained power under Oliver Cromwell, a separatist (1649-1660) wanted congregations to be self-determinant (i.e., anti-centralized church, = democratic spirit) 1608 separatist group fled to Holland (under James I of England who was persecuting them) 1620, off-shoot group, Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth, MA from Holland where they had lived apporx 10 yrs to escape persecution in England; wanted religious freedom but didn’t want to become Dutch Puritans wanted to “purify” Church of England from Catholic remnants strongly anti-papist (“popery”) want total separation from Catholic church most stayed with Church of England (see separatists and pilgrims) established Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 w/ Pilgrim separatists Mayflower Compact signed on the ship, Nov. 11, 1620 just off Cape Cod destination was Virginia Colony, but the ship landed at Cape Cod, and stayed there used that as excuse to declare self-governance maintained allegiance to England & James I text: “IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We… Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience …” = declaration of self-governance/ democracy William Bradford, 1590-1657 of Plymouth Plantation Separatist, Pilgrim, 2nd & on/off governor of Plymouth Colony starting 1635 inherited farm & wealth interested in philosophy & religion, was persecuted as separatist in 1607 left for Holland to escape, started a business, married into a wealthy English family became ill during 1st winter at Plymouth (others died) as governor negotiated w/ local Indians (Massasoit of the Pokanokets), created alliance w/ Pokanokets wrote “on Plymouth plantation” = important historical record click EXPAAND for Bradford's account of the cicada outbreak of 1633: "It is to be observed that, the spring before this sickness, there was a numerous company of Flies which were like for bigness unto wasps or Bumble-Bees; they came out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up the green things, and made such a constant yelling noise as made the woods ring of them, and ready to deafen the hearers; they were not any seen or heard by the English in this country before this time; but the Indians told them that sickness would follow, and so it did, very hot, in the months of June, July, and August of that summer." John Winthrop, 1587-1649 Pilgrim, arrived 1630, settled in area of Boston today leader of Mass Bay Colony encouraged common effort (not relying on servants for labor) helped shape legal system, opposed magistrate (officials in the “General Court” which served as the government) powers as arbitrary, called for laws to shape policies opposed pure democracy but supported rights of members of community, especially in church / congregation affairs did not support offshoot religious views, including Ann Hutchinson and other new arrivals (1630s), who were banished “antinomians” argued against following strict religious law and for salvation through grace famed for vision of colony as “city upon a hill” , saw the movement as a modern biblical exodus and example for the world “the eyes of all people are upon us” "A Model of Christian Charity" started as a diary of voyage to America and life in the colony, important primary source document later expanded on his philosophy and religious/ political outlook from it, “Model” was a sermon to define Christian community “City upon a Hill” from this speech saw puritan society as a model state saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism”

Southern colonial economies & demographics

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1660–1677 Governor Sr. William Berkely in office 1660s settlers encroach upon Indian lands along "Northern Neck" land between Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers 1666 colonists declare war upon Native Americans in Northern Neck region 1675-76 Bacon's Rebellion 1680s significant growth in slavery 1730s rice economy	cash crops plantation economy coastal elites Governor Berkeley backcountry farmers yeoman farmers Bacon's Rebellion slavery >> to do known as the "Second Atlantic system" was focused on Caribbean destinations slave trade grew in American colonies in 1670s, especially in Carolina and Georgia colonies coincided with Indian slavery in Carolinas and Georgia between 1670 and 1715 an estimated 24,000-51,000 Native Americans were shipped to Caribbean sugar plantations from South Carolina	BIG IDEAS plantation economy social/ economic stratification frontier settlements & conflict with Native Americans Bacon's Rebellion expansion of slavery by early 1700s VA & MD planters switch from indentured servants to slaves DETAILS cash crops: tobacco in NC, VA and MD rice/ indigo in SC plantation economy increasing use of slaves demographics stratification of southern society Southern gentry large estates gentry lifestyle, including hunting, horse racing, gambling, dancing coastal or Tidewater elites based on plantations and ports indentured servants and "backcountry" farmers: half of indentures servants died in colonies before earning freedom yoeman farmers owned their land, engaged in subsistence farming many former servants become tenent farmers (rent not land ownership) due to costs of land surveys, fees, farming equipment & animals, etc. general trend is towards small-farm ownership and westward expansion in search for new lands to farm rice economy 1730 Parliament removed rice from mercantalist restrictions, freeing sale directly to other nations rice economy rose/fell with wars when price was high benefited freeholders and not large plantations Bacon's rebellion background: Governor Sr. William Berkely controlled House of Burgesses via political patronage and favors among elites exempted himself and ruling "governor council" members from taxes restricted right to vote to property ownership (cut vote rolls by half) growing conflict with Native Americans over colonial encroachment on frontier lands 1675 war between Native Americans and frontier settlers coastal elites did not want war with Indians Nathaniel Bacon = wealthy landowner, buys frontier land, attacked by Indians member of the governor's council but sides with frontier farmers on war with Native Americans Bacon leads his own militia to fight Native Americans Gov Berkeley calls for new election but new legislators back Bacon and authorize militia known as "Bacon's Laws" also restores vote to all free men and removed Berkeley's tax exemptions Bacon still opposes Berkeley regime, with small army takes over capital at Jamestown and charges Berkeley with corruption Berkeley flees, raises his own army and battles Bacon's army Bacon escapes but dies while hiding in a swamp and his army disintegrate

Colonial slavery

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1619 first Africans colonial America 1638 Maryland legally recognizes slavery 1705 Virginia slave code enacted	subtitle	BIG IDEAS DETAILS 1619: first African slaves brought to British colonies by Dutch merchants British entry to slave trade via Royal African Company (1672) 1680s growth in central / south colonies slavery & slave culture growth in slavery in 1680s after Bacon's rebellion wealthy planters increased reliance on slaves instead of indentured servants expanding frontiers, especially in Pennsylvania, had diminished flow of indentured servants increase in transatlantic slave trade, including by British under the Royal African Company starting 1672 slave culture maintain oral traditions, songs mixture of African and colonial cultures

New England colonial expansion

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
	subtitle	BIG IDEAS coastal economy townships frontier Indian Wars DETAILS coastal economy King George's War spurred adventurism and privateerism >> see Taylor on 1/4th of Boston freeman had ownership of a ship

central colonies

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
	subtitle	BIG IDEAS DETAILS PA land >> = decline in indentured servitude Quakers During King George's war European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain Chesapeake region conversion to diverse crops tobacco still largest export growth in central coast ports, especially Baltimore

Colonial wars

War Timeline	Colonial name	European name	Consequence
1675-1763	"French & Indian Wars" include: King Philip's War King William's War Queen Anne's War King George's War French-Indian War		BIG IDEAS the colonial "French & Indian Wars" were part of various European "dynastic wars" in French known as "Intercolonial wars" all of these wars were largely result of American colonial expansion, including: rising population frontier settlement, especially by small farmers' European political and religious dynamics deeply influenced British and French colonial interactions as well as among and between the British colonies
1675–1678	King Philip's War	n/a - independent of European conflicts or involvement	early Pilgrims & Wampanoag chief Massasoit maintained friendly relations upon his death, his son, Metacom, accused colonists of violating agreements (land use) led raids on Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Connecticut villages & settlements colonial militia responded considered the most deadly of all colonial wars half of colonial towns attacked and 12 destroyed 1/10 colonial males killed 100s of Wampanaogs executed or enslaved Wampoaaogs lands entirely lost to them impact upon New England identity war conducted without British involvement or support created distinct identify and sense of independence from Britain
1688–1697	King William's War	War of the Grand Alliance War of the League of Augsburg Nine Years' War	started due to New England expansion into Acadia, a region of New France France aligned Wabanaki Confederacy opposed colonialists and their allied Iroquois Confederacy wiki: The Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680.[15]:43 At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and the western tribes. In retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, which they did by raiding Lachine. also konwn as Second Indian War resulted in no changes in British of French colonial territories Wabanaki Confederacy" held off colonial American attempts to expand into southern Main
1702–1713	Queen Anne's War	War of the Spanish Succession	War of Spanish Succession over death of Spanish King Charles II France and England wanted colonies to remain neutral existing colonial border tensions were enflamed by the European conflict included French, Spanish & British boundaries in Newfoundland & Hudson Bay Massachusetts & Maine Carolinas English colonial population 250,000 French & Spanish populations were negligible, relying mostly on Indian allies outcome: British take Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts
1722–1725	Dumner's War	n/a - colonial war not part of European dynastic wars	series of conflicts between New England colonials and Wabanaki Confederacy William Dummer was governor of Massachusetts fought mostly in Maine and Nova Scotia source of conflict was ongoing British colonial settlements in Maine and (modern) Vermont the Wabanaki Confederacy had not been party to French and English settlement of Queen Anne's War and so did not adhere to the French-British agreement outcome was that New England colonials took over most of Acadia (Maine)
1739	War of Jenkin's Ear	n/a - colonial conflict not part of European dynastic wars	a Spanish commander sliced the ear of a British merchant captain the conflict was largely in the Caribbean British colonials from Georgia attacked the Spanish St. Augustine, FL in 1740 Spanish forces retaliated in 1742 with an attack upon the Georgia coast, which was repelled the conflict did not involve the French, but did morph into the larger European conflict in the War of the Austrian Succession
1744–1748	King George's War	War of the Austrian Succession	New England colonists organized invasion of Nova Scotia led to heavy losses of colonial forces, 8% of males were killed the war energized New England ship building industry adventurism / privateers & investments in expeditions on Spanish ships & possessions in Caribbean European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain & rice conclusion of the war changed no boundaries and did not settle tensions may be considered as contributor to French-Indian War of 1754
1754–1763	French-Indian War	Seven Years' War	to be discussed in subsequent timeline & concepts chart