4,620
edits
US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions
US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies (view source)
Revision as of 15:49, 23 April 2024
, 23 Aprilno edit summary
mNo edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
|||
| (7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 414: | Line 414: | ||
==== mercantilism ==== | ==== mercantilism ==== | ||
* European political and economic policy of forcing colonial possessions to trade directly with the home country and not others | * European political and economic policy of forcing colonial possessions to trade directly with the home country and not others | ||
* the policy goal of Mercantilism was protection of home country economic interests and stakeholders, and not simply for revenue. | |||
** as well as maintenence of inflows of silver and gold to support the national currency | |||
** the purpose of revenue was introduced in the 1760s with the Sugar Act, which reduced the tax with the goal if maximizing revenue while allowing foreign competition | |||
** this new system of taxation is called the "imperial system" | |||
* Navigation Act of 1651 | * Navigation Act of 1651 | ||
** called "An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation" | |||
** was in response to English deterioration in trade following the 80 Years War (between Spain and Netherlands), which had resulted in Dutch maritime power (the Dutch Golden Age) | |||
** enacted under the Commonwealth (Parliamentarian control of England under Oliver Cromwell) | ** enacted under the Commonwealth (Parliamentarian control of England under Oliver Cromwell) | ||
** required that all trade to/from colonies had to be conducted on English ships | ** required that all trade to/from colonies had to be conducted on English ships | ||
| Line 621: | Line 627: | ||
* 1624: Virginia Company abolished; royal Colony<br><br> | * 1624: Virginia Company abolished; royal Colony<br><br> | ||
* 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut<br><br> | * 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut<br><br> | ||
* 1642: House of Burgesses | * 1642: House of Burgesses established<br><br> | ||
1651 British Navigation Act | * 1651 British Navigation Act<br><br> | ||
* 1676 Bacon's Rebellion<br><br> | |||
1676 Bacon's Rebellion | * 1681, William Penn granted charter for Pennsylvania<br><br> | ||
* 1692 Salem Witchcraft Trials<br><br> | |||
1681, William Penn granted charter for Pennsylvania | * 1721 British policy of "Salutary Neglect"<br><br> | ||
1692 Salem Witchcraft Trials | |||
1721 British policy of "Salutary Neglect" | |||
|| | || | ||
'''British colonial population growth''' | '''British colonial population growth''' | ||
| Line 653: | Line 655: | ||
* Mayflower Compact: Pilgrim contract for self-rule | * Mayflower Compact: Pilgrim contract for self-rule | ||
* William Bradford: became Plymouth Colony governor; wrote book “On “Plymouth Plantation”<br><br> | * William Bradford: became Plymouth Colony governor; wrote book “On “Plymouth Plantation”<br><br> | ||
'''John Winthrop & "city upon a hill"''' | '''John Winthrop & "city upon a hill"''' | ||
* “A Model of Christian Charity”: Winthrop sermon declaring Christian mission of the colony<br><br> | * “A Model of Christian Charity”: Winthrop sermon declaring Christian mission of the colony<br><br> | ||
'''House of Burgesses''' | |||
* elected assembly | |||
* reinforced notions of self-governance | |||
* served as training ground for Revolutionary War leadership<br><br> | |||
|| | || | ||
'''BIG IDEAS''' | '''BIG IDEAS''' | ||
| Line 664: | Line 670: | ||
** John Winthrop | ** John Winthrop | ||
** Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | ** Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | ||
| Line 763: | Line 768: | ||
*** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe | *** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe | ||
*** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks | *** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks | ||
***'''Jamestown Massacre''', | ***'''Jamestown Massacre''', 1621, Indian attacks killed 400 colonials | ||
*** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion | *** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion | ||
==== General Assembly, 1619-1642 ==== | |||
* unicameral assembly, included the Governor, a "council of state" (appointed by the Virginial Company) and 22 locally elected representatives | |||
** those representatives constituted the first democratically elected assembly in the colonies | |||
** the Governor and Council largely ignored the assembly's powers | |||
* when the Virginia Company charter was revoked in 1624 and Virginia became a "crown colony" assembly members were appointed, not elected | |||
* following reorganization of the growing colony in 1634, Assembly members were elected by local vote (free white males only) | |||
* in 1642, Governor William Berkeley proposed creation of a bicameral legislature, creating the "House of Burgesses" as the lower house | |||
==== Council of State ==== | |||
* part of the original governing body under the Virginia Company | |||
* became the upper house of the General Assembly of the Virginia colony in 1642 | |||
* 12 members | |||
* also known as the "Governor's Council" | |||
* held legislative (shared powers w/ lower body), executive (advising body to the governor) and judicial powers | |||
* as with the governor, Council members were appointed by the king ("royal") | |||
** except during the Commonwealth, when the lower house, "House of Burgesses" selected the Council members | |||
==== House of Burgesses, 1642-1776 ==== | ==== House of Burgesses, 1642-1776 ==== | ||
* traditionally, "burgess" = a freeman from a "borough" or town in England | * traditionally, "burgess" = a freeman from a "borough" or town in England | ||
* | * = the lower house / assembly of the General Assembly | ||
* met in Jamestown, moved to Williamsburg in 1699 | |||
* met in Jamestown | |||
* lower house: the "burgesses" | * lower house: the "burgesses" | ||
** = representatives from counties who were elected by free white males (and later, only property owners) | ** = representatives from counties who were elected by free white males (and later, only property owners) | ||
| Line 787: | Line 797: | ||
* the House of Burgesses gained power over governors over time | * the House of Burgesses gained power over governors over time | ||
** representation expanded w/ colonial expansion | ** representation expanded w/ colonial expansion | ||
* tension w/ British government | * tension w/ British government rose after the French Indian War (1754-1763) | ||
* Burgess members served as training grounds for future revolutionary leaders, especially Patrick Henry (author of the 1765 "Virginia Resolves" that protested the Stamp Act) and Thomas Jefferson | |||
** Henry gave his "Give me liberty or give me death!" speech in 1775 to a convention of Burgess members who met in Richmond in opposition to the royal colonial governor | |||
* the House of Burgesses was dissolved in 1776 as Virginia declared independence | |||
** it was replaced by the House of Delegates, the lower body to a new General Assembly, along w/ the upper house, the Senate. | |||
* in 1779 the Assembly moved the state capital to Richmond, both for | |||
** a more central location for the growing state | |||
** protection from British attack during the War (in 1781 Richmond was burned by the British) | |||
=== Virginia "tobacco economy" === | === Virginia "tobacco economy" === | ||
| Line 842: | Line 859: | ||
* named for Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I, known as "Mary" | * named for Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I, known as "Mary" | ||
=== | === Rhode Island === | ||
* started by Puritan Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts | * started by Puritan Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts | ||
| Line 867: | Line 884: | ||
=== Connecticut === | === Connecticut === | ||
* '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639 | * '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639 | ||
** | ** in 1636, disaffected Massachusetts Puritans settled in Connecticut River valley | ||
** 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together” | ** 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together” | ||
** 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony | ** 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony | ||
| Line 929: | Line 946: | ||
*** saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor | *** saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor | ||
** historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism” | ** historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism” | ||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 967: | Line 988: | ||
* Bacon's Rebellion | * Bacon's Rebellion | ||
* expansion of slavery | * expansion of slavery | ||
** by early 1700s VA & MD planters switch from indentured servants to slaves | |||
'''DETAILS''' | '''DETAILS''' | ||
* Berkeley and Virginia demographics | |||
** Berkeley was from a wealthy family that supported the Royal cause. | |||
** Before the English Civil WEar, William Berkeley saw the coming trouble and essentially purchased the governship of Virginia | |||
** from there, he drew migrants largely from Royalist-supporting counties of England | |||
*** which included both elites and lower classes | |||
**** lower classes: most came as indentured servants | |||
*** as opposed to the "middling" origins of New English | |||
* From "The Cavalier flight to Virginia" | |||
click EXPAND to read an analysis of Virginia social makeup under Berkeley's leadership: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
<pre> The society that bloomed in the Virginia tidewater during Berkeley’s decades in office reflected the social order, regional characteristics, and ecclesiastical convictions of the people who came. In fact, it reflected Sir William’s own view of the world and of the people who inhabited it. Though the Puritans hardly believed in a free society as we recognize it today, they were from the middling sort of society—craftsmen, tradesmen, and gentry—from a part of England with a tradition of local participatory government. The md women who immigrated to Virginia during the 1640s-60s came from opposite ends of the economic and social spectrum. | |||
From its first flourishing under Berkeley’s dynamic leadership to the end of its colonial existence in 1776, Virginia society was a culture of a sharp division between the haves and have-nots. After all, the very nature of a wealthy elite implies a mass of folk who are not. The vast majority of those who came to Virginia had Royalist and Anglican sympathies certainly (they were not welcome otherwise), but they were rural laborers of humble origins, generally illiterate and accustomed to a humble lot in life. While they dreamed of betterment in the New World, more than 75 percent of them arrived in Virginia as indentured servants. Two-thirds of those folk were unskilled agrarian workers. All the plantations springing up beside the rivers in the rich fertile delta of the Virginia tidewater required a labor force. As the Algonquian tribes being supplanted from eastern Virginia were unavailable for employment, that labor force had to be imported. | |||
The two decades from 1645 to 1665 saw the greatest influx of Royalist colonists, elite and lowly alike. They did not come to sample the pure air of egalitarian freedom promised by America’s founding documents a century and a quarter later. They expected to find, and accepted, the hierarchical English society that they left behind. | |||
</pre></div> | |||
* cash crops: | * cash crops: | ||
** tobacco in NC, VA and MD | ** tobacco in NC, VA and MD | ||