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US History concept chart major concepts & themes across US History: Difference between revisions

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US History concept chart major concepts & themes across US History (view source)

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'''US History concept chart major concepts & themes across US History'''
'''US History concept chart major concepts & themes across US History'''
This page is overview of the '''US History timeline & concept charts'''
* which are designed for bulleted study of US History based on timeline of dates, events, periods, and people


{{US History timeline & concept chart introduction template}}
{{US History timeline & concept chart introduction template}}
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* every issue, dispute, event, etc., represents someone’s perspective, interest, ideal or outlook
* every issue, dispute, event, etc., represents someone’s perspective, interest, ideal or outlook
* identify distributions of power and their impact on events, groups, and individuals
* identify distributions of power and their impact on events, groups, and individuals
* what motivates historical choices?
* what motivates historical choices?<br><br>
<br><br>


<big>'''Causality'''</big>
<big>'''Causality'''</big>
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** sectionalism
** sectionalism
** slavery and its impact & legacies<br><br>
** slavery and its impact & legacies<br><br>
<big>'''Core issues & themes in US history '''</big>
* central bank
* civil rights
* economic winners & losers
* faction
* immigration & ethnic identity
* judicial review & court activism
* majority v. minority
* political parties
* populism
* reform movements
* slavery
* states rights
* tariffs
* urban v. rural
* westward & territorial expansion<br><br>


<big>'''Constitutionalism'''</big>
<big>'''Constitutionalism'''</big>
* the US Constitution created the extent and limits of the federal government
** based on theory of ''limited government'' and ''checks & balances''
** the '''Bill of Rights''' expressly reserved, or protected from government infringement (violation) certain individual rights and liberties
* elements to constitutionalism include:
** Constitutional interpretation
** federal supremacy
** judicial review
** limited government
** rule of law
* some questions to consider:
* some questions to consider:
** ''why do Americans generally abide by the Constitution, or do they?''  
** ''why do Americans generally abide by the Constitution, or do they?''  
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=== "The American Experience" ===
=== "the American Experience" ===
* "The American Promise”  
* "the American Promise”
* economic, including:
* economic, including:
** freedom  
** freedom  
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** discrimination
** discrimination
* self-governance & political participation
* self-governance & political participation
=== Cognitive dissonance in the American experience ===
* cognitive dissonance = "maintaining opposing thoughts at the same time
** ''cognitive'' = relating to mental processes; ''dissonance'' = tension between disharmonious elements
* American history includes widely diverse experiences, points of view, locales, cultures, economies, etc.
* at the same time, American history yields commonalities that have bound Americans, including:
** common conception of the nature of civil liberties
** constitutionalism & rule of law
** dominant white, protestant population
*** starting as mostly English, other European ethnic groups merged into "white" America over time
** English language
* APUSH students may wish to consider how these ''dissonant'' elements act out across US History


=== European colonialism ===
=== European colonialism ===
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* 508-411 effective democracy in Athens
* 508-411 effective democracy in Athens
** 375 BC Plato criticizes democracy in "The Republic"<br><br>
** 375 BC Plato criticizes democracy in "The Republic"<br><br>
* 509 BC Roman Republic established<br><br>
* 509 BC Roman Republic established after expelling the Roman king<br><br>
* 27 BC official end of Roman Republic
* 27 BC official end of Roman Republic
** as Senate grants extraordinary powers to Caesar Augustus, establishing the Roman empire<br><br>
** as Senate grants extraordinary powers to Caesar Augustus, establishing the Roman empire<br><br>
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*** populism =  
*** populism =  
*** demagoguery = appeal to the fears of citizens
*** demagoguery = appeal to the fears of citizens
* American Founders distrusted pure democracy
* American Founders distrusted pure democracy<br><br>
* <br><br>


<big>'''Republic'''</big>
<big>'''Republic'''</big>
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* historical meaning:
* historical meaning:
** anti-monarchical
** anti-monarchical
** stability and flexibility
** less susceptible than democracy to populism, demagoguery and factionalism
** susceptibility to populism, demagoguery and factionalism
** stability and flexibility<br><br>
* <br><br>


<big>'''Natural Law'''</big>
<big>'''Natural Law'''</big>
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<big>'''Private v public lives of Americans '''</big>
<big>'''Private v public lives of Americans '''</big>
* individual v. group identity
* democracy requires public life
* economic v. political identity
* yet, people maintain multiple public and private lives and identities:
* religious v. political identity<br><br>
** community (local) identity
 
** economic or class identity
** ethnic identity
** group identify (or of multiple groups)
** individual / family identify
** national identity
** political identity
** religious identity <br><br>


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=== English civil law & rights ===
=== English civil law & rights ===
==== Monarchy & parliament ====
* monarchy is based upon the concept of '''divine rule'''
** God selects the King for the people = (usually) the first born of the previous king or ruler
* monarchy = the most common form of government across human history
** due to its stability
** divine rule resolves the problem of succession of power (transfer of power between leaders)
*** = "the king is dead" (the father) "long live the king" (the son)
** not always successful in peaceful transfer of power (factions, disputes, challenges, etc.)
** divine rule implies that since God chose the ruler, God also chose the subjects
*** monarchy also resolved problem of ruling heterogenous populations (different languages, regions, religions, ethnicities, etc.)
==== Magna Carta ====
==== Magna Carta ====
* "Great Charter" of 1215
* English King John signed a royal charter (contract) limiting his powers & outlining certain rights and protections for local barons (rulers), including:
** church rights, protection against illegal imprisonment, limiting ''feudal payments'' (required of local rulers to the central monarch)
* significant statement of individual rights & protections and limited government
* by limiting the power of the monarchy, it significantly challenged divine rule and powers
==== Bill of Rights, 1689 ====
==== Bill of Rights, 1689 ====
* enacted after Glorious Revolution under William and Mary
* enacted after Glorious Revolution under William and Mary
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==== Common law ====
==== Common law ====
 
* in the English legal system, the law is from an accumulation of prior cases ("precedent") and based upon commonly agreed rules
** especially as concerns contracts, property, and civil disputes
** the British consider the common law a form of a constitution (set of fundamental rules)
=== Enlightenment ideas ===
=== Enlightenment ideas ===
* Machiavelli
* Machiavelli
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=== Declaration of Independence ===
=== Declaration of Independence ===
* affirmation of Locke
* affirmation of Locke and natural law
* affirmed rule by consent of the governed
* affirms self-governance
* affirms self-governance
* affirmed rule by consent of the governed
* anti-monarchy/ divine rule:
* anti-monarchy
** "all men are created equal" = negates concept of divine rule
* justifies revolution based on needs of citizens going unmet
* justifies revolution based on needs of citizens going unmet


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=== Constitution ===
=== Constitution ===
* forms the structure of the federal government
* forms or organizes the '''structure''' of the federal government  
* what does "to form a more perfect union" mean?
** legislative, executive & judicial branches, plus the relationship between the federal and state governments and between the states themselves
* Bill of Rights
** most importantly, the constitution creates checks and balances between the branches
* first ten amendments are called the "Bill of Rights"
* Constitutional principles
* Constitutional principles
* judicial review
* judicial review
* change over time in Constitutional interpretations
* change over time in Constitutional interpretations
* to consider:
** ''what does "to form a more perfect union" mean?''
** ''what is the intersection of politics and the Constitution''?


=== Bill of Rights ===
=== Bill of Rights ===
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=== Democratic spirit ===
=== Democratic spirit ===
* the idea that the people may rule themselves is radical in the 18th century
* the idea that the people may rule themselves is radical in the 18th century
** related to protestant movement, especially puritanism and Calvinism, which held that individuals may have a personal relationship with God, and not through priests  
* origins of the "democratic spirit" in
* economic opportunity
* "frontier" and immigrant experiences of seeking a new life that one can control
* political organizations of small towns, especially in mid-Atlantic and New England
* protestant religions:
** especially puritanism and Calvinism, which held that individuals may have a personal relationship with God, and not through priests  
*** as was the Catholic and Church of England
*** as was the Catholic and Church of England
*** John Calvin preached that congregations should choose their own clery = a form of self-governance, democracy
*** John Calvin preached that congregations should choose their own clery = a form of self-governance, democracy
** related to "frontier" and immigrant experiences of seeking a new life that one can control
** personal relationship to the Bible spurred spread of literacy, education, and dissent
** related to education and spread of literacy
*** individuals able to read the Bible and other books on their own
***
 


|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
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! '''Effects'''
! '''Effects'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
| '''French-Indian War''' 1754-1760 (1763 in Europe)
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|| westward colonial expansion
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|| end of salutary neglect
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}
|}


== Political parties & ideological alignments ==
== Political parties & ideological alignments ==
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|}
|}


== Territorial & commercial expansion ==
== British colonial & US territorial expansion & treaties ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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<big>'''Northwest Ordinance of 1787'''</big>
<big>'''Northwest Ordinance of 1787'''</big>
* the new nation recognized need to organize territorial expansion
* the new nation recognized need to organize territorial expansion
* put into ideals and protections of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, as well as prohibition of slavery
* drove further claims westward  
* drove further claims westward  
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<br><br>
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