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'''US History concept chart major concepts & themes across US History''' | '''US History concept chart major concepts & themes across US History''' | ||
This page is overview of the '''US History timeline & concept charts''' | |||
* which are designed for bulleted study of US History based on timeline of dates, events, periods, and people | |||
{{US History timeline & concept chart introduction template}} | {{US History timeline & concept chart introduction template}} | ||
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* every issue, dispute, event, etc., represents someone’s perspective, interest, ideal or outlook | * every issue, dispute, event, etc., represents someone’s perspective, interest, ideal or outlook | ||
* identify distributions of power and their impact on events, groups, and individuals | * identify distributions of power and their impact on events, groups, and individuals | ||
* what motivates historical choices? | * what motivates historical choices?<br><br> | ||
<br><br> | |||
<big>'''Causality'''</big> | <big>'''Causality'''</big> | ||
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** sectionalism | ** sectionalism | ||
** slavery and its impact & legacies<br><br> | ** slavery and its impact & legacies<br><br> | ||
<big>'''Core issues & themes in US history '''</big> | |||
* central bank | |||
* civil rights | |||
* economic winners & losers | |||
* faction | |||
* immigration & ethnic identity | |||
* judicial review & court activism | |||
* majority v. minority | |||
* political parties | |||
* populism | |||
* reform movements | |||
* slavery | |||
* states rights | |||
* tariffs | |||
* urban v. rural | |||
* westward & territorial expansion<br><br> | |||
<big>'''Constitutionalism'''</big> | <big>'''Constitutionalism'''</big> | ||
* the US Constitution created the extent and limits of the federal government | |||
** based on theory of ''limited government'' and ''checks & balances'' | |||
** the '''Bill of Rights''' expressly reserved, or protected from government infringement (violation) certain individual rights and liberties | |||
* elements to constitutionalism include: | |||
** Constitutional interpretation | |||
** federal supremacy | |||
** judicial review | |||
** limited government | |||
** rule of law | |||
* some questions to consider: | * some questions to consider: | ||
** ''why do Americans generally abide by the Constitution, or do they?'' | ** ''why do Americans generally abide by the Constitution, or do they?'' | ||
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|| | || | ||
=== " | === "the American Experience" === | ||
* " | * "the American Promise” | ||
* economic, including: | * economic, including: | ||
** freedom | ** freedom | ||
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** discrimination | ** discrimination | ||
* self-governance & political participation | * self-governance & political participation | ||
=== Cognitive dissonance in the American experience === | |||
* cognitive dissonance = "maintaining opposing thoughts at the same time | |||
** ''cognitive'' = relating to mental processes; ''dissonance'' = tension between disharmonious elements | |||
* American history includes widely diverse experiences, points of view, locales, cultures, economies, etc. | |||
* at the same time, American history yields commonalities that have bound Americans, including: | |||
** common conception of the nature of civil liberties | |||
** constitutionalism & rule of law | |||
** dominant white, protestant population | |||
*** starting as mostly English, other European ethnic groups merged into "white" America over time | |||
** English language | |||
* APUSH students may wish to consider how these ''dissonant'' elements act out across US History | |||
=== European colonialism === | === European colonialism === | ||
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* 508-411 effective democracy in Athens | * 508-411 effective democracy in Athens | ||
** 375 BC Plato criticizes democracy in "The Republic"<br><br> | ** 375 BC Plato criticizes democracy in "The Republic"<br><br> | ||
* 509 BC Roman Republic established<br><br> | * 509 BC Roman Republic established after expelling the Roman king<br><br> | ||
* 27 BC official end of Roman Republic | * 27 BC official end of Roman Republic | ||
** as Senate grants extraordinary powers to Caesar Augustus, establishing the Roman empire<br><br> | ** as Senate grants extraordinary powers to Caesar Augustus, establishing the Roman empire<br><br> | ||
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*** populism = | *** populism = | ||
*** demagoguery = appeal to the fears of citizens | *** demagoguery = appeal to the fears of citizens | ||
* American Founders distrusted pure democracy | * American Founders distrusted pure democracy<br><br> | ||
<big>'''Republic'''</big> | <big>'''Republic'''</big> | ||
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* historical meaning: | * historical meaning: | ||
** anti-monarchical | ** anti-monarchical | ||
** | ** less susceptible than democracy to populism, demagoguery and factionalism | ||
** stability and flexibility<br><br> | |||
* <br><br> | |||
<big>'''Natural Law'''</big> | <big>'''Natural Law'''</big> | ||
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<big>'''Private v public lives of Americans '''</big> | <big>'''Private v public lives of Americans '''</big> | ||
* individual | * democracy requires public life | ||
* | * yet, people maintain multiple public and private lives and identities: | ||
* religious | ** community (local) identity | ||
** economic or class identity | |||
** ethnic identity | |||
** group identify (or of multiple groups) | |||
** individual / family identify | |||
** national identity | |||
** political identity | |||
** religious identity <br><br> | |||
|| | || | ||
=== English civil law & rights === | === English civil law & rights === | ||
==== Monarchy & parliament ==== | |||
* monarchy is based upon the concept of '''divine rule''' | |||
** God selects the King for the people = (usually) the first born of the previous king or ruler | |||
* monarchy = the most common form of government across human history | |||
** due to its stability | |||
** divine rule resolves the problem of succession of power (transfer of power between leaders) | |||
*** = "the king is dead" (the father) "long live the king" (the son) | |||
** not always successful in peaceful transfer of power (factions, disputes, challenges, etc.) | |||
** divine rule implies that since God chose the ruler, God also chose the subjects | |||
*** monarchy also resolved problem of ruling heterogenous populations (different languages, regions, religions, ethnicities, etc.) | |||
==== Magna Carta ==== | ==== Magna Carta ==== | ||
* "Great Charter" of 1215 | |||
* English King John signed a royal charter (contract) limiting his powers & outlining certain rights and protections for local barons (rulers), including: | |||
** church rights, protection against illegal imprisonment, limiting ''feudal payments'' (required of local rulers to the central monarch) | |||
* significant statement of individual rights & protections and limited government | |||
* by limiting the power of the monarchy, it significantly challenged divine rule and powers | |||
==== Bill of Rights, 1689 ==== | ==== Bill of Rights, 1689 ==== | ||
* enacted after Glorious Revolution under William and Mary | * enacted after Glorious Revolution under William and Mary | ||
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==== Common law ==== | ==== Common law ==== | ||
* in the English legal system, the law is from an accumulation of prior cases ("precedent") and based upon commonly agreed rules | |||
** especially as concerns contracts, property, and civil disputes | |||
** the British consider the common law a form of a constitution (set of fundamental rules) | |||
=== Enlightenment ideas === | === Enlightenment ideas === | ||
* Machiavelli | * Machiavelli | ||
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=== Declaration of Independence === | === Declaration of Independence === | ||
* affirmation of Locke | * affirmation of Locke and natural law | ||
* affirmed rule by consent of the governed | |||
* affirms self-governance | * affirms self-governance | ||
* | * anti-monarchy/ divine rule: | ||
* | ** "all men are created equal" = negates concept of divine rule | ||
* justifies revolution based on needs of citizens going unmet | * justifies revolution based on needs of citizens going unmet | ||
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=== Constitution === | === Constitution === | ||
* forms the structure of the federal government | * forms or organizes the '''structure''' of the federal government | ||
* | ** legislative, executive & judicial branches, plus the relationship between the federal and state governments and between the states themselves | ||
* Bill of Rights | ** most importantly, the constitution creates checks and balances between the branches | ||
* first ten amendments are called the "Bill of Rights" | |||
* Constitutional principles | * Constitutional principles | ||
* judicial review | * judicial review | ||
* change over time in Constitutional interpretations | * change over time in Constitutional interpretations | ||
* to consider: | |||
** ''what does "to form a more perfect union" mean?'' | |||
** ''what is the intersection of politics and the Constitution''? | |||
=== Bill of Rights === | === Bill of Rights === | ||
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=== Democratic spirit === | === Democratic spirit === | ||
* the idea that the people may rule themselves is radical in the 18th century | * the idea that the people may rule themselves is radical in the 18th century | ||
** | * origins of the "democratic spirit" in | ||
* economic opportunity | |||
* "frontier" and immigrant experiences of seeking a new life that one can control | |||
* political organizations of small towns, especially in mid-Atlantic and New England | |||
* protestant religions: | |||
** especially puritanism and Calvinism, which held that individuals may have a personal relationship with God, and not through priests | |||
*** as was the Catholic and Church of England | *** as was the Catholic and Church of England | ||
*** John Calvin preached that congregations should choose their own clery = a form of self-governance, democracy | *** John Calvin preached that congregations should choose their own clery = a form of self-governance, democracy | ||
** | ** personal relationship to the Bible spurred spread of literacy, education, and dissent | ||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
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! '''Effects''' | ! '''Effects''' | ||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
| | | '''French-Indian War''' 1754-1760 (1763 in Europe) | ||
|| | || westward colonial expansion | ||
|| | || end of salutary neglect | ||
|| | || | ||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Political parties & ideological alignments == | == Political parties & ideological alignments == | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== | == British colonial & US territorial expansion & treaties == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE''' | ! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE''' |