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Social Studies skills: Difference between revisions

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Social Studies skills (view source)

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'''Social Studies Skills'''
'''Social Studies Skills'''
 
[[category: Social Studies]]
* [[category: Social Studies]]
[[category: Social Studies Skills]]
* [[category: Social Studies Skills]]
*tools, concepts, and terms to be applied to the study of society and history  [[category: Geography]]
* [[category: Geography]]
See also:
See also:
* [[Geography vocabulary]]
* [[Geography vocabulary]]
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These tools provide the conceptual framework for understanding the Social Studies
These tools provide the conceptual framework for understanding the Social Studies
* students may apply these tools towards any subject in the Social Studies
* students may apply these tools towards any subject in the Social Studies
* >>asdf


== Distinctions ==
== Distinctions ==
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=== Why the cat died last night: an exercise in causality ===
=== Why the cat died last night: an exercise in causality ===
>> to do
 
* see [[Exercises in Causality]]


=== butterfly effect ===
=== butterfly effect ===
> small effects that lead to larger events
 
>> to do: George Washington sparking the French-Indian War
* small effects that lead to larger events
* ex. George Washington sparking the global Seven Years War


=== Goldilocks principle ===
=== Goldilocks principle ===
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=== Unexpected consequence ===
=== Unexpected consequence ===
=== Externalities ===


== Time, change & continuity ==
== Time, change & continuity ==
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==Comparison==
==Comparison==
===Sub Heading===
===Distribution of Power===
 
== Distribution of Power ==
* a measurement of how societies "distribute" or organize sources and applications of power
* a measurement of how societies "distribute" or organize sources and applications of power
* "power" may be considered any application of force or coercion or structure that achieves the same
* "power" may be considered any application of force or coercion or structure that achieves the same
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"wide distribution" of power = decentralized governance
"wide distribution" of power = decentralized governance
*may include:
*may include:
** democracy, anarchy
** republic, democracy, anarchy (absence of governance)
** typical of groups of city states
*** (although individual city states may have highly centralized rule)
* no society is all one or the other
* no society is all one or the other
** even anarchy essentially distributes power to the individual level, which may be coercive at that level
** even anarchy essentially distributes power to the individual level, which may be coercive at that level
** even a totalitarian society may allow for family units which govern themselves or religious freedoms
** even a totalitarian society may allow for family units which govern themselves or religious freedoms
* see "Social Organization" above
* see "Social Organization" above
=== Centralized v decentralized systems ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Centralized
!Decentralized
!
|-
|'''Incentive compatibility'''
|incentives for elites only, so little compatability between general incentives and results
|incentives for positive behaviors increase as their rewards are more widely distributed and available across society
|
|-
|'''Certainty, stability'''
|higher stability, predictabilty
|less stable, subject to change
|
|-
|'''Risk-taking'''
|low incentives for risk-taking unless organized centrally
|higher incentives for risk-taking
|
|-
|'''Rents''' (taxes, profits, benefits of economic activity)
|flows up to and contained to elites
|spreads across society
|
|-
|'''Wealth'''
|
|
|
|-
|'''Competition'''
|less competition leads to less innovation
|more competition leads to more innovation
|
|-
|'''Decision making'''
|orderly, contained to elites
|more input, can lead to disagreement but also more effective communication and persuasion
|
|-
|'''Relation to state'''
|subject
|citizen
|
|-
|'''Relation to one another'''
|heirarchical
|distributed (to various degrees, or across social structures)
|
|-
|'''Cooperation'''
|forced, less incentive outside of compulsory behaviors
|incentives for cooperation through cooperative rewards
|
|-
|'''Overall benefits'''
|orderly society, less change, political stability, can manage disagreement and protect minorities
|innovation (economically, politically, institutionally), broader benefits for citizen cooperation
|
|-
|'''Overall challenges'''
|less innovation, inability to adapt to external change
|less stable, susceptible to charismatic leadership; minorities unprotected
|
|}


=== political dissent ===
=== political dissent ===
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==== asymmetric warfare ====
==== asymmetric warfare ====
* when access to "levers" or instruments of power, the disenfranchised may seek alternative forms of engaging or participating in the larger society, including
** isolation
** resistance
*** uncooperation or other passive resistance
*** active or violent resistance
** coalition building


==== Heckler's veto ====
==== Heckler's veto ====
* disruptions of events and political advocacy deliberately intended to shut them down
* disruptions of events and political advocacy deliberately intended to shut them down
** ex. A threat is called in to an arena where a speech is to take place, and the venue is shut down, resulting in a "veto" of that speech, as it was not given as a result of the threat
** ex. A threat is called in to an arena where a speech is to take place, and the venue is shut down, resulting in a "veto" of that speech, as it was not given as a result of the threat
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* sources:
* sources:
===Literature & Arts ===
===Literature & Arts ===
* links
* links to do
===Architecture===
===Architecture===


 
* Types & periods of human organization & food sources
 
Types & periods of human organization & food sources


=== Hunter-gatherers ===
=== Hunter-gatherers ===
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* animal husbandry / domestication / livestock
* animal husbandry / domestication / livestock
* nomadic, semi-nomadic
* nomadic, semi-nomadic
*
*cooperative use of land


=== Pastoral farmers ===
=== Pastoral farmers ===
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=== law ===
=== law ===
* may be by
** consensus
** tradition
** statutes (legal codes)
* key to functional law are coopration and enforcement
* as well as equitable application
=== money ===
=== money ===
* “Money can be anything that the parties agree is tradable” (Wikipedia)  
* “Money can be anything that the parties agree is tradable” (Wikipedia)  
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** could be contemporaneous or historical
** could be contemporaneous or historical
*** an "indirect witness" would be someone who lived at the time but did not directly participate in the event  
*** an "indirect witness" would be someone who lived at the time but did not directly participate in the event  
==== techniques to evaluate historical documents ====  
==== techniques to evaluate historical documents ====  
* '''OPVL'''
* '''OPVL'''
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