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Simple grammar cheat sheet: Difference between revisions
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=== Object === | === Object === | ||
* the recipient of | * the result, target, or recipient of an action (verb) | ||
** | * objects are nouns or infinitives | ||
* direct | * direct object | ||
** the "direct" or primary result of an action (verb) | |||
** ex. "She gave a '''''book''''' to him" | |||
* indirect object | * indirect object | ||
** the "indirect" or secondary | |||
** ex. "She gave '''''him''''' a book" | |||
=== Sentence === | === Sentence === | ||
* a grammatically complete thought | * a grammatically complete thought, as in: | ||
** contains a subject & verb/predicate | ** contains a subject & verb/predicate | ||
** must be a complete thought | |||
=== Clause === | === Clause === | ||
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* has a subject & verb | * has a subject & verb | ||
Independent clause | ==== Independent clause ==== | ||
* a clause that can be a sentence by itself | |||
** i.e. has a subject & verb and completes a thought | |||
** "in" = not + dependent, thus "not dependent" (independent) | |||
==== Dependent clause ==== | |||
* a clause that cannot be a sentence by itself | |||
** i.e., has a subject + verb but does not complete a thought | |||
* there are several types of dependent clauses: | |||
===== Subordinate clause ===== | |||
* a dependent clause that starts with a Subordinating Conjunction | |||
** such ''as, after, because, since, while'', etc | |||
** ex. "Since it is raining" = has subject + verb but is not a complete thought | |||
===== Relative or Adjective clause ===== | |||
* a dependent clause that describes another word, idea or sentence part | |||
* relative clauses are used to add information | |||
* relative clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun | |||
** such as ''that, which, who, whose'' | |||
** ex. "I ate the apple '''''that was ripe'''''" | |||
=== Phrase === | === Phrase === | ||
* two or more words that | * two or more words that: | ||
** do not contain a subject & verb | ** do not contain a subject & verb | ||
** form a distinct grammatical unit ("constituent") | ** form a distinct grammatical unit ("constituent") | ||
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=== Joining sentence parts === | === Joining sentence parts === | ||
* conjunctions combine words, phrases, clauses and ideas | |||
* a simple conjunction combines words | |||
** apples '''''or''''' oranges | |||
* a coordinating conjunction combines Independent Clauses (IC) | |||
** "I ate an apple, and I ate an orange." | |||
* other conjunctions | |||
** subordinating conjunction | |||
*** combines two clauses while "subordinating" one of the clauses (turns it into a dependent or subordinate clause) | |||
**** I only ate one apple '''''because''''' I wasn't very hungry." | |||
** adverbial conjunctions | |||
*** compares or contrasts two verbs | |||
**** '''''"However''''' much I like tennis, I really am not good at it." | |||
== Punctuation == | |||
* note: | * note: | ||
** IC = Independent Clause | ** IC = Independent Clause | ||
** DC = Dependent Clause | ** DC = Dependent Clause | ||
** PHr = Phrase | ** PHr = Phrase | ||
Punctuation | |||
=== periods . === | === periods . === | ||