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Simple grammar cheat sheet: Difference between revisions
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→Parts of Speech
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* such as adjective, adverb, noun, verb, etc. | * such as adjective, adverb, noun, verb, etc. | ||
* many words can operate across or as different parts of speech | * many words can operate across or as different parts of speech | ||
** ex., an "attributive noun" acts as an adjective that modifies another noun ("'''''dog''''' food") | ** ex., | ||
*** an "attributive noun" acts as an adjective that modifies another noun ("'''''dog''''' food") | |||
*** a non-finite verb can act as an adjective, adverb or noun | |||
**** gerund (-ing), participle adjective (-ing/ -ed) or infinitive ("to" form) of a verb | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" | ||
|+PARTS OF SPEECH | |+PARTS OF SPEECH | ||
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== Sentence Parts == | == Sentence Parts == | ||
=== Sentence === | |||
* a grammatically complete thought, as in: | |||
** contains a subject & verb/predicate | |||
** must be a complete thought | |||
=== Subject === | === Subject === | ||
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* expresses what happens to the subject | * expresses what happens to the subject | ||
* i.e., = the verb + the result or outcome of an action | * i.e., | ||
** it follows the subject | |||
** = the verb + the result or outcome of an action | |||
* predicates always contain a verb | |||
=== Object === | === Object === | ||
* the recipient of | * the result, target, or recipient of an action (verb) | ||
** | * objects are nouns or infinitives | ||
* direct | * direct object | ||
** the "direct" or primary result of an action (verb) | |||
** ex. "She gave a '''''book''''' to him" | |||
* indirect object | * indirect object | ||
** the "indirect" or secondary | |||
** ex. "She gave '''''him''''' a book" | |||
=== Subject Complement === | |||
* a noun, pronoun or adjective that "complements" a linking verb | |||
* a | ** i.e., if the verb does not have a direct object it has a "complement" | ||
** | *** ex. "He is a guitarist" | ||
**** linking verbs such as "to be" have complements instead of objects | |||
* linking verbs do not have objects | |||
** linking verbs include, ''act, be, seem, smell,'' etc. | |||
=== Clause === | === Clause === | ||
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* has a subject & verb | * has a subject & verb | ||
Independent clause | ==== Independent clause ==== | ||
* a clause that can be a sentence by itself | |||
** i.e. has a subject & verb and completes a thought | |||
** "in" = not + dependent, thus "not dependent" (independent) | |||
==== Dependent clause ==== | |||
* a clause that cannot be a sentence by itself | |||
** i.e., has a subject + verb but does not complete a thought | |||
* there are several types of dependent clauses: | |||
===== Subordinate clause ===== | |||
* a dependent clause that starts with a Subordinating Conjunction | |||
** such ''as, after, because, since, while'', etc | |||
** ex. "Since it is raining" = has subject + verb but is not a complete thought | |||
===== Relative or Adjective clause ===== | |||
* a dependent clause that describes another word, idea or sentence part | |||
* relative clauses are used to add information | |||
* relative clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun | |||
** such as ''that, which, who, whose'' | |||
** ex. "I ate the apple '''''that was ripe'''''" | |||
=== Phrase === | === Phrase === | ||
* two or more words that | * two or more words that: | ||
** do not contain a subject & verb | ** do not contain a subject & verb | ||
** form a distinct grammatical unit ("constituent") | ** form a distinct grammatical unit ("constituent") | ||
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=== Joining sentence parts === | === Joining sentence parts === | ||
* conjunctions combine words, phrases, clauses and ideas | |||
* a simple conjunction combines words | |||
** apples '''''or''''' oranges | |||
* a coordinating conjunction combines Independent Clauses (IC) | |||
** "I ate an apple, and I ate an orange." | |||
* other conjunctions | |||
** subordinating conjunction | |||
*** combines two clauses while "subordinating" one of the clauses (turns it into a dependent or subordinate clause) | |||
**** I only ate one apple '''''because''''' I wasn't very hungry." | |||
** adverbial conjunctions | |||
*** compares or contrasts two verbs | |||
**** '''''"However''''' much I like tennis, I really am not good at it." | |||
== Punctuation == | |||
* note: | * note: | ||
** IC = Independent Clause | ** IC = Independent Clause | ||
** DC = Dependent Clause | ** DC = Dependent Clause | ||
** PHr = Phrase | ** PHr = Phrase | ||
Punctuation | |||
=== periods . === | === periods . === | ||