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=== grammatical usage === | === grammatical usage === | ||
* misplaced or dangling modifier | * misplaced or dangling modifier | ||
=== emphasis shift === | === emphasis shift === | ||
logical usage | |||
=== object preposition mistaken for subject === | === object preposition mistaken for subject === | ||
=== parallelism mistakes === | === parallelism mistakes === | ||
* comparison mismatch | * comparison mismatch | ||
** comparisons must be parallel | |||
** often introduced by "than" or "more" | |||
** if the comparison is an action, the verb must be included in the comparison | |||
** sometimes the comparison is implied | |||
** examples | |||
*** ''Students who study hard do better on tests than the tests of students who do not'' | |||
**** = incorrect because it is comparing "students who study hard" with "the tests of students" | |||
*** correct = | |||
**** ''Students who study hard do better on tests than students who do not'' | |||
***** note that "study hard" is implied in the comparison "than students who do not study hard" | |||
* lists mismatch or inconsistency | * lists mismatch or inconsistency | ||
** lists must be grammatically and logically parallel | |||
** ex. | |||
*** ''The dog chewed on a bone, a toy, and then slept.'' | |||
*** the dog may have slept, but it does not belong in the list of things it chewed on | |||
*** correct = | |||
**** ''The dog chewed on a bone and a toy and then slept.'' | |||
** | ==== subject-verb mismatch & parallelism ==== | ||
* verb tense switch in same sentence | |||
** maintain parallel or logically consistent verb tense | |||
** ex. | |||
*** When the scientists discovered a new species, and they believe if | |||
* subject-verb conjugation mismatch | |||
** always regards third person singular or plural mismatches (it v. they) | |||
== Parts of speech & rules == | == Parts of speech & rules == |