|
|
| Line 466: |
Line 466: |
| *** such use is informal and is mimicking the slurring of a noun with "is" | | *** such use is informal and is mimicking the slurring of a noun with "is" |
| *** note that since the 's causes confusion with the possessive form of the apostrophe, in written English, the subject-verb contraction is avoided | | *** note that since the 's causes confusion with the possessive form of the apostrophe, in written English, the subject-verb contraction is avoided |
| | | {{Clause (grammar)}} |
| == Clause ==
| |
| * note:
| |
| ** a ''clause'' = a part of a sentence that has a subject and a verb (may or may not be a complete sentence or thought)
| |
| ** a ''phrase'' = a part of a sentence that has only a verb or a noun, but not both
| |
| *** note: Santa is not a clause
| |
| * Sources:
| |
| ** [https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/grammar/phrases-clauses-and-sentences/types-of-clauses Types of Clauses (cliffnotes.com)]
| |
| | |
| === Independent clause ===
| |
| * "'''Independent Clause'''" (IC)
| |
| * = a sentence part that can stand as a complete sentence and thought
| |
| ** it is a clause because it is attached to or has another clause/s attached to it (otherwise it'd just be a sentence)
| |
| * IC contains SUBJECT VERB at a minimum (SV)
| |
| * IC usually contains SUBJECT VERB OBJECT (SVO)
| |
| * since SUBJECT VERB OBJECT form the core of a sentence there is no punctuation separating them, with the following exceptions:
| |
| # parenthetical information (commas, dashes and parentheses) can separate SVO from each other
| |
| ** i.e., S (parenthetical info) V (parenthetical info) O
| |
| * click EXPAND for examples of parenthetical separation of S from V and O:
| |
| <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
| |
| * parentheses: S (parenthetical info) V (parenthetical info) O
| |
| * commas: S, parenthetical info, V, parenthetical info, O
| |
| * dashes: S -- parenthetical info -- V -- parenthetical info -- O
| |
| * ex. "Alex, an experienced pilot, landed the plane expertly."
| |
| *** S= Alex V= landed O= plane
| |
| ** other parenthetical punctuation:
| |
| ** "Alex (an experienced pilot) landed the plane expertly."
| |
| *** "Alex -- an experienced pilot -- landed the plane expertly."
| |
| ** two commas, two dashes or two parentheses = parenthetical phrase
| |
| *** ex. Alex, and experienced pilot, landed, for the second time that day, the plane expertly.
| |
| ***** this is an awkward sentence but using it here to demonstrate how commas can separate a SUBJECT VERB OBJECT if used parenthetically
| |
| *** compare this construction:
| |
| **** "Alex, an experienced pilot, landed the plane expertly." to:
| |
| **** "The experienced pilot, Alex, landed the plane expertly"
| |
| **** "The experienced pilot Alex landed the plane expertly"
| |
| *** each form creates a different emphasis
| |
| **** in this case, the parenthetical construction emphasizes that it was Alex who landed the plane and that
| |
| *** if, for example, Alex was an inexperienced pilot, we might prefer a construction that emphasizes it, so,
| |
| **** instead of, "Alex, an inexperienced pilot, landed the plane expertly."
| |
| **** we might say, "The inexperienced pilot, Alex, landed the plane expertly" or "The inexperienced pilot Alex landed the plane expertly"
| |
| </div>
| |
| * click EXPAND for example of SVO lists:
| |
| <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
| |
| * S, S V O
| |
| * S, S and S V and V O
| |
| * S, S and S V, and V O
| |
| * S, S and S V, V and V O and O
| |
| * S, S and S V, V and V O, O and O
| |
| ** note that with commas that separate a subject, verb, and/or object the final word in the list must not be separated from the related S V or O
| |
| *ex.
| |
| ** "Alex, Nia, and Joan are all experienced pilots"
| |
| ** "Alex, Nia, and Joan relied on, used, and proved their skills by landing their planes expertly"
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| === Dependent clause ===
| |
| * "Dependent Clause" (DC) is a sentence part that contains a subject and a verb but does not complete a thought
| |
| * also called "subordinate clause"
| |
| ** DC clauses are therefore attached to an IC that completes the clause as a complete sentence and/or thought
| |
| ** DC clauses add information to ''but are not necessary for'' the IC to make sense
| |
| * Note: technically, a sentence part that does not contain both a noun and a verb is a phrase
| |
| ** yet non-IC sentence parts are commonly referred to as "dependent clauses" when they are actually "phrases" if they do not contain a subject + verb
| |
| Click EXPAND for examples of DC:
| |
| <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
| |
| * "Since I ate breakfast late, I'll skip lunch"
| |
| ** "Since I ate" = an incomplete thought and so not an IC
| |
| * example of a phrase that is '''not''' a clause as it does not contain a verb:
| |
| ** "Going to the store, I realized I left my wallet at home."
| |
| *** ''going'' = an -ing verb acting as a modifier or adjective and known as a "participal"
| |
| *** therefore, "going to the store" = a "participial phrase" and is not a DC
| |
| *** see
| |
| **** [https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/grammar/sentences/participial-phrases.html Participial Phrases (yourdictionary.com)]
| |
| **** [https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/gerund-phrase/ gerund-phrase (gingersoftware.com)]
| |
| </div>
| |
| * see:
| |
| ** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/independent_and_dependent_clauses/index.html Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses (owl.purdue.edu)]
| |
| ** [https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/difference-between-dependent-independent-clause The Difference Between Dependent and Independent Clauses (merriam-webster.com)]
| |
| | |
| === Dominant or main clause ===
| |
| * dominant or main clause are other names for an IC
| |
| * used as reference not for grammar but for the idea of a sentence:
| |
| ** = that part of the sentence that makes the complete and most important, or "dominant" thought of the phrase
| |
| *** i.e., the main clause or part of the sentence that states its primary purpose or idea
| |
| ** everything else is additional information
| |
| * for the SAT test, the "dominant /main clause" is that core idea of a sentence that is the focus of the sentence
| |
| ** SAT tests measure [[#Emphasis shift]]
| |
| ** emphasis shift measures if the correct form of the sentence "emphasizes" the core or main idea of the sentence
| |
| ** passive voice de-emphasizes the dominant clause
| |
| *** i.e. OBJECT VERB SUBJECT
| |
| ** dominant /main clauses employ direct voice, i.e. SVO
| |
| | |
| === Noun clause ===
| |
| * = a clause that functions as a thing or idea (nouns)
| |
| ** ex.: "What I love to eat the most is steak"
| |
| *** ""What I love to eat the most" = a clause that operates as the subject to the verb "is"
| |
| | |
| === Adverbial clause ===
| |
| * = subordinate clause created by a subordinating conjunction and adding information to the action of a sentence
| |
| * adverbial clauses define or add information as to ''how, how much, when, where, why''
| |
| | |
| === Subordinate clause ===
| |
| * subordinate clause is another name for a DC
| |
| ** subordinate clauses are usually those clauses that are formed by adding a subordinating conjunction
| |
| ** more generally, subordinate clauses mark additional and not required or requisite information that is expressed in the dominant clause
| |
| * ''' Subordinating conjunction''':
| |
| ** Subordinating conjunction "subordinates" an IC into a DC
| |
| *** i.e, (SC) renders or turns an IC into a DC
| |
| *** the reason is the the SC creates the need for additional information after the SVO
| |
| *** ex. "I love baseball" = a complete sentence and thought
| |
| *** by adding a SC to the sentence, it is no longer a complete thought:
| |
| *** ex. "Since I love baseball"
| |
| **** "Since" = SC and it "subordinates the IC "I love baseball" by creating the need for additional information in order to complete the thought:
| |
| **** "Since I love baseball, I watch it every chance I get."
| |
| * Click here for list of and more on [[Grammar#subordinating_conjunctions (see Grammar entry)]]
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; width:40%"
| |
| |+ relative pronouns
| |
| ! Pronoun !! For !! Rule
| |
| |-
| |
| | who || people || subject (does the action): ''he, she, we, they''
| |
| |-
| |
| | whom || people || object (acted upon): ''him, her, us, them''
| |
| |-
| |
| | whose || people or things || possessive form of whom: ''his, her, us, their''
| |
| |-
| |
| | that || people or things || subject or object: adds required information (no punctuation)
| |
| |-
| |
| | which || things || subject or object: adds additional information (usually non-restrictive, ie. with a comma)
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="3" | * Source: https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/relative-clauses/
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Relative clause ===
| |
| * or "adjective clause"
| |
| * = a dependent clause that contains a subject-verb, but provides additional information and is not a complete sentence of thought by itself
| |
| * the "subject" of the clause is a pronoun (thus "relative," as pronouns relate to a noun)
| |
| * relative clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun (see table)
| |
| * relative clauses can be either restrictive or non-restrictive, per below
| |
| ** ex.
| |
| *** "Sue, who is always late, showed up on time."
| |
| *** "The PG-13 movie scared me, which was surprising."
| |
| * Sources:
| |
| ** [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/relative-clauses/ Relative Clauses (unc.edu)]
| |
| ** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/clauses Grammar: Relative, Restrictive, and Nonrestrictive Clauses (walenu.edu)]
| |
| ** [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/using-that-and-which-is-all-about-restrictive-and-non-restrictive-clauses/ Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses—What’s the Difference?(grammarly.com)]
| |
| ** [https://thewordcounter.com/blog-comma-before-which/ Comma before which (thewordcounter.com)]
| |
| ** [https://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/essential_and_nonessential_adjective_clauses_examples/81/# Essential and Nonessential Adjective Clauses Examples (softschools.com)]
| |
| | |
| === Restrictive relative clause ===
| |
| * goes by various names: necessary, requisite or defining clause
| |
| ** technically, also an "adjective clause" since it describes a previously stated (antecedent) noun
| |
| * "necessary" or "requisite" = the idea is the clause or phrase is necessary
| |
| * "defining" = the meaning of the sentence is defined by the clause
| |
| ** or: the sentence is not a complete thought without the clause
| |
| * restrictive clauses are not separated by punctuation
| |
| ** i.e.: since the information is necessary, there is no pause
| |
| ** ex.: "Glue that sticks to both my fingers and the paper is a pain"
| |
| *** vs. "Glue, that sticks to both my fingers and the paper, is a pain"
| |
| **** since the parenthetical phrase is "non-defining" (can be removed), that would leave us with only "Glue is a pain" which lacks the defining information as to what type of glue is a pain, the kind "that sticks to both my fingers and the paper"
| |
| * note: ''because'' does not introduce a restrictive (or non-restrictive) clause because it is a subordinating conjunction and not a relative pronoun
| |
| | |
| === Mon-restrictive relative clause ===
| |
| * or "Non-defining relative clause"
| |
| * or "non-essential" clause
| |
| ** = the additional information added by the clause is not necessary (or essential) for a complete sentence or thought
| |
| * ex.: "Glue, which I hate to use, always sticks to my hands."
| |
| ** "which I hate to use" is not essential to the idea that "Glue always sticks to my hands"
| |
| * see Restrictive relative clauses for sources
| |
| | |
| === Sources for clauses ===
| |
| * > to add general guides for clauses
| |
|
| |
|
| == Phrase == | | == Phrase == |