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[[category:SAT exam prep]]
[[category:SAT exam prep]]
[[category:SAT Reading]]
[[category:SAT Reading]]
{{New SAT test disclaimer}}


* This entry is a subpage of [[SAT Reading section techniques, strategies & approaches]]
* This entry is a subpage of [[SAT Reading section techniques, strategies & approaches]]
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* 1898: Spanish-American War
* 1898: Spanish-American War
* 1914-18: WWI (U.S. 1917-1918)
* 1914-18: WWI (U.S. 1917-1918)
* 1939-45: WWII
* 1939-45: WWII (U.S. 1941-1945)
* 1959-75: Vietnam War (U.S. ground war: 1965)
* 1959-75: Vietnam War (U.S. ground war: 1965-72)
* 2002-current: Afghanistan/ War on Terror
* 2002-2021: Afghanistan/ War on Terror
* 2003-11: Iraq War (Iraqi Insurgency: 2003-2006)
* 2003-11: Iraq War (Iraqi Insurgency: 2003-2006)
|| Other wars to know:
|| Other wars to know:
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''American Revolution timeline:'''
|<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''American Revolution timeline:'''
   - 1765-1775: Colonial agitation
   - 1765-1775: Colonial agitation against British rule & laws
  - 1774: fist Continental Congress & other colonial organization in opposition of British rule
  - 1775-76: Thomas Paine's "Common Sense", Declaration of Indepenndence
   - 1775-1781: War
   - 1775-1781: War
   - 1783: Treaty of Paris formally ends War
   - 1783: Treaty of Paris formally ends War
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* '''abolition/ abolitionism / emancipation''' = movement to end slavery
* '''abolition/ abolitionism / emancipation''' = movement to end slavery
** the 13th amendment "abolished" slavery (1865)
** the 13th amendment "abolished" slavery (1865)
* '''civil rights'''
* '''civil rights, Jim Crow, Segregation, Civil Rights Movement'''
** the 13th, 14th & 15th amendments, which followed the Civil War, abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship for freed slaves, and guaranteed the right to vote by former male slaves, respectively
** those protections were only as good as the laws were implemented
*** "Reconstruction" = the period from 1865-1877, during which Union armies occupied the South and enforced "reconstruction" era protections of the rights of the former slaves
*** Reconstruction failed to fully implement those laws, and "segregation"
* '''disenfranchised'''
** = not having the vote (franchise)
* dissent
** = disagreement, usually regarding official policy
* '''domestic'''
** in politics/ economics = the homeland, or "home" politics, economy, etc.
* '''franchise'''
** = the vote, the right to vote
* '''imperialism'''
* '''imperialism'''
* '''"Manifest destiny"''' = movement for U.S. westward expansion across the continent (term coined in 1845)
* '''"Manifest destiny"''' = movement for U.S. westward expansion across the continent (term coined in 1845)
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** in the U.S., the 18th amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol (1917)  
** in the U.S., the 18th amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol (1917)  
*** the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment (1933)
*** the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment (1933)
* '''"republican motherhood"'''
* '''states rights'''
** the that states have distinct powers and laws from the federal government
*** or, = an assertion of those powers over federal power
*** related to "nullification" and the "nullification crisis"
**** = when a state "nullifies" a federal law
**** = a crisis because it puts state power above federal power (in violation of the "Supremacy cause")
* '''suffrage''' = "the vote" or the right to vote
* '''suffrage''' = "the vote" or the right to vote
** the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for male former slaves (1869)
** the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for male former slaves (1869)
* '''temperance''' or '''temperance movement = "another term for prohibition of alcohol
** women who championed or protested for the vote between the Civil War and 1919 were known as "'''Suffragettes'''"
* '''suffragette''' = a woman who advocated, often in public protest, for women's suffrage
*  '''tariff''' = import duties (taxes)
**  the tariff was a dominant political issue in the first +/- 120 years of the country
***  low tariff advocates tended to be states that exported agricultural products (esp. cotton) and imported manufactured goods
****  early Democrats (Jeffersonians) were anti-tariff
****  low-tariff advocates argue/argued that import taxes punish consumers and create high prices of domestic as well as foreign goods
***  high-tariff advocates tended to be manufacturing states
****  Whigs (Hamiltonians) and early Republicans were pro-tariff
****  high-tariff advocates were/ are called "protectionists" in that they want to "protect" American industry and jobs from foreign competition (imports)
* '''temperance''' or '''temperance movement''' = anti-alcohol / prohibition of alcohol movements
* '''women's suffrage''' = right to vote for women
* '''women's suffrage''' = right to vote for women
*** in U.S. the 19th Amendment guaranteed the right of women to vote (1919)
** in U.S. the 19th Amendment guaranteed the right of women to vote (1919)
* '''"republican motherhood"'''
* '''women's rights''' =
* '''states rights'''
**the 19th Amendment guaranteed <u>political equality</u> for women, but not equality in economics, education, etc.
** '''suffragette''' = a woman who advocated, often in public protest, for women's suffrage
** so passages on women's rights after 1919 will focus on those aspects of equality, not suffrage
* '''tariff'''
*
 
== Historical actors to know ==
By knowing these persons and the periods and themes they represent, you can relate to them any unfamiliar authors on the test who have a similar outlook or historical significance
* '''Susan B. Anthony''', 1820-1907
** women's suffrage leader and abolitionist
* '''William Jennings Bryan''', 1860-1925
** Democratic leader and candidate for President
** promoted "populism" and "soft money" (silver)
* '''Edmund Burke''', 1729-1797
** Conservative British politician and critic of the French Revolution
*** Burke argued against radicalism and destruction of institutions
** supported U.S. colonies against British suppression of colonial dissent
*** articulated theory of "salutary neglect" which argued that direct British control of the American colonies was undesirable, whereas when British policies towards the colonies were hands-off, it constituted "salutary" or healthy, neglect
* '''Frederick Douglass''', 1818-1895
** born in slavery, escaped slavery and became nation's prominent abolitionist and civil rights advocate
* '''Stephen Douglas''', 1813-1861
** Illinois Democratic Senator who championed ""Popular Sovereignty" as a solution to the pre-Civil War problem of the spread of slavery across the continent and for entry of new states
** Douglas famously debated Lincoln during the Illinois Senate race of 1858
* '''Abraham Lincoln''', 1809-1865
** note that Lincoln opposed the Mexican-American War (1846-48)
* '''John Stuart Mill''', 1806-1873
** British politician, philosopher; supported women's suffrage; proponent of utilitarianism (the idea of maximal "utility" to create maximum benefit)
* '''Thomas Paine'''
** radical, pro-revolution
** wrote "Common Sense"
* '''Elizabeth Cady Stanton''', 1815-1902
** women's suffrage; organizer of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention
* '''Henry David Thoreau''', 1817-1862
** mid-19th century essayist, abolitionist; championed civil rights and dissent in "Civil Disobedience"
* '''Alexis de Tocqueville''', 1805-1859
** French aristocrat who authored a study of the nature of American democracy, "Democracy in America"
*'''Mary Wollstonecraft''', 1759-`797
**early British advocate of women's rights; considered founder of feminist philosophy


== Themes & events timelines ==
== Themes & events timelines ==
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** it is useful to know the general timeline, anyway
** it is useful to know the general timeline, anyway
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; width:75%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; width:75%;"
|+ 16th & 17th centuries
|+ 16th-18th centuries
|-  
|-  
| 1500-1600s
| 1500-1600s
* colonization of Americas by European powers
* Early British colonial settlements:
* Early British colonial settlements:
** 1584 Roanoke  
** 1584 Roanoke  
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1700s General:  
1700s General:  
* Enlightenment / Age of Reason
* Enlightenment / Age of Reason
* Americas colonization
* European economic / political expansion/ colonization/ slavery / mercantilism
* European economic / political expansion/ colonization/ slavery / mercantilism
* U.S. colonial westward expansion
* U.S. colonial westward expansion
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   - taxes
   - taxes
   - dispute over representation in Parliament
   - dispute over representation in Parliament
'''1775-81 American Revolution'''
'''1775-81 American Revolution & early American Republic'''
  - 1776: Declaration of Independence
  - 1776: Declaration of Independence
  - 1787: US Constitution (ratified 1789)
  - 1787: US Constitution (ratified 1789)
  - 1789 US Gov operates under constitution
  - 1789: US Gov operates under constitution
- 1789-95: George Washington President, consolidation of the presidency, assertion federal powers
- 1790s: growing partisan divide between Adams/Hamilton Federalists (pro-central power, pro-tariff, pro-national bank) and Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans (anti-strong central gov, pro-states, anti-tariff and anti-bank)
- 1798: Alien & Sedition Acts enacted as part of bitter US political divide over France-Britain wars
'''1789-95: French Revolution'''
'''1789-95: French Revolution'''
  - 1793: French Rev: Reign of Terror
- 1789: Estates General called but Third Estate (commoners) creates rival National Assembly, hurch property is nationalized by the National Assembly, Declaration of the Rights of Man issued
- 1790-93: Nobility abolished, Haitian Revolution starts, new Constitution enacted, King attempts to flee Paris and is tried and executed (1792-3)
  - 1793-94: French Rev: Reign of Terror ("Jacobin Club" = anti-royalists who seize power in 1793), fall of Jacobins (1795), the Directory takes over (governing council)
  - 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power
  - 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power
|-
|-
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|-  
|-  
|* '''1800s general:'''
|* '''1800s general:'''
- Rise of US political parties
  - US western expansion (new states)
  - US western expansion (new states)
- Slavery / Civil War/ Reconstruction / Segregation
  - Social and economic change/ progress
  - Social and economic change/ progress
  - Rising middle and professional class  
  - Rising middle and professional class  
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  - Democracy / expanding rights and freedoms
  - Democracy / expanding rights and freedoms
'''Early 1800s timeline'''
'''Early 1800s timeline'''
- 1800: Election of Jefferson called the "Revolution of 1800" = 1st successful transition of power between rival political parties
- 1803: Louisiana Purchase expands US territory west of the Mississippi River
  - 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars
  - 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars
  - 1812-1815 War of 1812 (US v Britain)
  - 1812-1815 War of 1812 (US v Britain)
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  - 1840s-50s: Karl Marx / Irish potato famine / direct British rule in India / Charles Darwin
  - 1840s-50s: Karl Marx / Irish potato famine / direct British rule in India / Charles Darwin
'''1820s-1850s Antebellum US:'''
'''1820s-1850s Antebellum US:'''
  - Missouri Comprise of 1820
  - 1820, Missouri Comprise (also "Compromise of 1820")
  - Alexander de Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America” (study of America by French diplomat)
  - 1830s, Alexander de Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America” (study of America by French diplomat)
  - sectional conflict & compromises: slavery/ tariff/ National Bank
  - 1820s-30s, temperance movement (precursor to Second Great Awakening)
  - Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
  - 1831, Nat Turner’s (slave) Rebellion
  - Indian wars 1830s (also 1870s)
  - 1830s, Indian wars 1830s (also 1870s)
  - religious movements / Second Great Awakening/
  - 1840s-50s, religious movements / Second Great Awakening
  - Thoreau/ Emerson/ Transcendentalism, individualism, individual morality, nature
  > Thoreau/ Emerson/ Transcendentalism, individualism, individual morality, nature
  - temperance movement
  > women's political participation (part of Jacksonian democracy)
- women's political participation (part of Jacksonian democracy)
  > women's suffrage (voting) & rights / franchise / disenfranchisement
  - women's suffrage (voting) & rights / franchise / disenfranchisement
  - 1848, Seneca Falls/ Declaration of Sentiments
  - Seneca Falls/ Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
  - anti-slavery/ abolition movement / Frederick Douglass / Underground Railroad / Uncle Tom’s Cabin / "Bleeding Kansas" / John Brown's rebellion
  - anti-slavery/ abolition movement / Frederick Douglass / Underground Railroad / Uncle Tom’s Cabin  
|| '''Antebellum themes:'''
|| '''Antebellum additional:'''
- sectional division, political conflict & compromises:
  >> slavery/territorial expansion /  tariff/ national bank
  - 1820s-40s US: railroads/ canals / telegraph
  - 1820s-40s US: railroads/ canals / telegraph
  - 1830s-50s: Manifest Destiny / western expansion
  - 1829-1837: Jackson presidency/ Jacksonian Revolution (increased political participation)
  - 1848: Mexican-American War (ends compromise of 1820 due to new states/ territories; leads to North-South division)
- 1834-45: Texas independence (1845 annexation to U.S.)
- Manifest Destiny / western expansion (1830s-1850s)
  - 1846-48: Mexican-American War: ends compromise of 1820 due to new states/ territories; leads to heightened North-South division
- 1850: Compromise of 1850 (Stephen Douglas, popular sovereignty)
- 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act
'''1861-1865: Civil War'''
'''1861-1865: Civil War'''
  - slavery / states’ rights / union  
  - slavery / states’ rights / union  
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*** and that many of these reform movements intersected
*** and that many of these reform movements intersected
**** especially women's rights and abolition of slavery
**** especially women's rights and abolition of slavery
click EXPAND for elimination based upon historical understanding of the perspectives of these authors:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* passage perspectives:
* passage perspectives:
** Tocqueville is an observer and not an advocate,  
** Tocqueville is an observer and not an advocate,  
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C) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s temperament should determine that individual’s position, while Mill believes that temperament should not be a factor in an individual’s position.  
C) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s temperament should determine that individual’s position, while Mill believes that temperament should not be a factor in an individual’s position.  
D) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be determined by what is most beneficial to society, while Mill believes it should be determined by what an individual finds most rewarding</pre>
D) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be determined by what is most beneficial to society, while Mill believes it should be determined by what an individual finds most rewarding</pre>
click EXPAND for elimination based upon historical understanding of the perspectives of these authors:
* Since we know that Mill advocates for women's equality, and we know that Tocqueville is an aristocrat, we can eliminate as follows:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
Since we know that Mill advocates for women's equality, and we know that Tocqueville is an aristocrat, we can eliminate as follows
* A)  
* A)  
** Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be defined in important ways by that individual’s sex
** Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be defined in important ways by that individual’s sex
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** so eliminate D)  
** so eliminate D)  
</div>
</div>
=== Historical context & language ===
=== Historical context & language ===
* [https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/pdf/sat-practice-test-10.pdf College Board practice test 10, 4th passage, question 39]:  
* [https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/pdf/sat-practice-test-10.pdf College Board practice test 10, 4th passage, question 39]:  
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* x D) "idealism that permeates" = a modern and not a c. 1900 perspective  
* x D) "idealism that permeates" = a modern and not a c. 1900 perspective  
** without looking at the text, we can eliminate down to the correct answer, A)
** without looking at the text, we can eliminate down to the correct answer, A)
<div>
</div>


== General SAT Reading section topics & themes ==
== General SAT Reading section topics & themes ==
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