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SAT Reading section historical timeline & themes: Difference between revisions
SAT Reading section historical timeline & themes (view source)
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[[category:SAT exam prep]] | [[category:SAT exam prep]] | ||
[[category:SAT Reading]] | [[category:SAT Reading]] | ||
{{New SAT test disclaimer}} | |||
* This entry is a subpage of [[SAT Reading section techniques, strategies & approaches]] | * This entry is a subpage of [[SAT Reading section techniques, strategies & approaches]] | ||
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* '''abolition/ abolitionism / emancipation''' = movement to end slavery | * '''abolition/ abolitionism / emancipation''' = movement to end slavery | ||
** the 13th amendment "abolished" slavery (1865) | ** the 13th amendment "abolished" slavery (1865) | ||
* '''civil rights''' | * '''civil rights, Jim Crow, Segregation, Civil Rights Movement''' | ||
** the 13th, 14th & 15th amendments, which followed the Civil War, abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship for freed slaves, and guaranteed the right to vote by former male slaves, respectively | |||
** those protections were only as good as the laws were implemented | |||
*** "Reconstruction" = the period from 1865-1877, during which Union armies occupied the South and enforced "reconstruction" era protections of the rights of the former slaves | |||
*** Reconstruction failed to fully implement those laws, and "segregation" | |||
* '''disenfranchised''' | |||
** = not having the vote (franchise) | |||
* '''domestic''' | |||
** in politics/ economics = the homeland, or "home" politics, economy, etc. | |||
* '''franchise''' | |||
** = the vote, the right to vote | |||
* '''imperialism''' | * '''imperialism''' | ||
* '''"Manifest destiny"''' = movement for U.S. westward expansion across the continent (term coined in 1845) | * '''"Manifest destiny"''' = movement for U.S. westward expansion across the continent (term coined in 1845) | ||
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** in the U.S., the 18th amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol (1917) | ** in the U.S., the 18th amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol (1917) | ||
*** the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment (1933) | *** the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment (1933) | ||
* '''"republican motherhood"''' | |||
* '''states rights''' | |||
** the that states have distinct powers and laws from the federal government | |||
*** or, = an assertion of those powers over federal power | |||
*** related to "nullification" and the "nullification crisis" | |||
**** = when a state "nullifies" a federal law | |||
**** = a crisis because it puts state power above federal power (in violation of the "Supremacy cause") | |||
* '''suffrage''' = "the vote" or the right to vote | * '''suffrage''' = "the vote" or the right to vote | ||
** the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for male former slaves (1869) | ** the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for male former slaves (1869) | ||
* '''temperance''' or '''temperance movement = | ** women who championed or protested for the vote between the Civil War and 1919 were known as "'''Suffragettes'''" | ||
* '''suffragette''' = a woman who advocated, often in public protest, for women's suffrage | |||
* '''tariff''' = import duties (taxes) | |||
** the tariff was a dominant political issue in the first +/- 120 years of the country | |||
*** low tariff advocates tended to be states that exported agricultural products (esp. cotton) and imported manufactured goods | |||
**** early Democrats (Jeffersonians) were anti-tariff | |||
**** low-tariff advocates argue/argued that import taxes punish consumers and create high prices of domestic as well as foreign goods | |||
*** high-tariff advocates tended to be manufacturing states | |||
**** Whigs (Hamiltonians) and early Republicans were pro-tariff | |||
**** high-tariff advocates were/ are called "protectionists" in that they want to "protect" American industry and jobs from foreign competition (imports) | |||
* '''temperance''' or '''temperance movement''' = anti-alcohol / prohibition of alcohol movements | |||
* '''women's suffrage''' = right to vote for women | * '''women's suffrage''' = right to vote for women | ||
** in U.S. the 19th Amendment guaranteed the right of women to vote (1919) | |||
* '''" | * '''women's rights''' = | ||
* '''states | **the 19th Amendment guaranteed <u>political equality</u> for women, but not equality in economics, education, etc. | ||
** ''' | ** so passages on women's rights after 1919 will focus on those aspects of equality, not suffrage | ||
* | * | ||
== Historical actors to know == | |||
By knowing these persons and the periods and themes they represent, you can relate to them any unfamiliar authors on the test who have a similar outlook or historical significance | |||
* '''Susan B. Anthony''', 1820-1907 | |||
** women's suffrage leader and abolitionist | |||
* '''William Jennings Bryan''', 1860-1925 | |||
** Democratic leader and candidate for President | |||
** promoted "populism" and "soft money" (silver) | |||
* '''Edmund Burke''', 1729-1797 | |||
** Conservative British politician and critic of the French Revolution | |||
*** Burke argued against radicalism and destruction of institutions | |||
** supported U.S. colonies against British suppression of colonial dissent | |||
*** articulated theory of "salutary neglect" which argued that direct British control of the American colonies was undesirable, whereas when British policies towards the colonies were hands-off, it constituted "salutary" or healthy, neglect | |||
* '''Frederick Douglass''', 1818-1895 | |||
** born in slavery, escaped slavery and became nation's prominent abolitionist and civil rights advocate | |||
* '''Stephen Douglas''', 1813-1861 | |||
** Illinois Democratic Senator who championed ""Popular Sovereignty" as a solution to the pre-Civil War problem of the spread of slavery across the continent and for entry of new states | |||
** Douglas famously debated Lincoln during the Illinois Senate race of 1858 | |||
* '''Abraham Lincoln''', 1809-1865 | |||
** note that Lincoln opposed the Mexican-American War (1846-48) | |||
* '''John Stuart Mill''', 1806-1873 | |||
** British politician, philosopher; supported women's suffrage; proponent of utilitarianism (the idea of maximal "utility" to create maximum benefit) | |||
* '''Thomas Paine''' | |||
** radical, pro-revolution | |||
** wrote "Common Sense" | |||
* '''Elizabeth Cady Stanton''', 1815-1902 | |||
** women's suffrage; organizer of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention | |||
* '''Henry David Thoreau''', 1817-1862 | |||
** mid-19th century essayist, abolitionist; championed civil rights and dissent in "Civil Disobedience" | |||
* '''Alexis de Tocqueville''', 1805-1859 | |||
** French aristocrat who authored a study of the nature of American democracy, "Democracy in America" | |||
*'''Mary Wollstonecraft''', 1759-`797 | |||
**early British advocate of women's rights; considered founder of feminist philosophy | |||
== Themes & events timelines == | == Themes & events timelines == | ||
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- 1840s-50s: Karl Marx / Irish potato famine / direct British rule in India / Charles Darwin | - 1840s-50s: Karl Marx / Irish potato famine / direct British rule in India / Charles Darwin | ||
'''1820s-1850s Antebellum US:''' | '''1820s-1850s Antebellum US:''' | ||
- Missouri Comprise of 1820 | - 1820, Missouri Comprise (also "Compromise of 1820") | ||
- Alexander de Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America” (study of America by French diplomat) | - 1830s, Alexander de Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America” (study of America by French diplomat) | ||
- | - 1820s-30s, temperance movement (precursor to Second Great Awakening) | ||
- Nat Turner’s | - 1831, Nat Turner’s (slave) Rebellion | ||
- Indian wars 1830s (also 1870s) | - 1830s, Indian wars 1830s (also 1870s) | ||
- religious movements / Second Great Awakening | - 1840s-50s, religious movements / Second Great Awakening | ||
> Thoreau/ Emerson/ Transcendentalism, individualism, individual morality, nature | |||
> women's political participation (part of Jacksonian democracy) | |||
> women's suffrage (voting) & rights / franchise / disenfranchisement | |||
- 1848, Seneca Falls/ Declaration of Sentiments | |||
- Seneca Falls/ Declaration of Sentiments | - anti-slavery/ abolition movement / Frederick Douglass / Underground Railroad / Uncle Tom’s Cabin / "Bleeding Kansas" / John Brown's rebellion | ||
- anti-slavery/ abolition movement / Frederick Douglass / Underground Railroad / Uncle Tom’s Cabin / John Brown's rebellion | || '''Antebellum themes:''' | ||
|| '''Antebellum | - sectional division, political conflict & compromises: | ||
>> slavery/territorial expansion / tariff/ national bank | |||
- 1820s-40s US: railroads/ canals / telegraph | - 1820s-40s US: railroads/ canals / telegraph | ||
- 1829-1837: Jackson presidency/ Jacksonian Revolution (increased political participation) | |||
- 1834-45: Texas independence (1845 annexation to U.S.) | - 1834-45: Texas independence (1845 annexation to U.S.) | ||
- | - Manifest Destiny / western expansion (1830s-1850s) | ||
- 1846-48: Mexican-American War | - 1846-48: Mexican-American War: ends compromise of 1820 due to new states/ territories; leads to heightened North-South division | ||
- 1850: Compromise of 1850 (Stephen Douglas, popular sovereignty) | |||
- 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act | |||
'''1861-1865: Civil War''' | '''1861-1865: Civil War''' | ||
- slavery / states’ rights / union | - slavery / states’ rights / union | ||