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[[category:SAT exam prep]]
[[category:SAT exam prep]]
[[category:SAT Reading]]
[[category:SAT Reading]]
{{New SAT test disclaimer}}


* This entry is a subpage of [[SAT Reading section techniques, strategies & approaches]]
* This entry is a subpage of [[SAT Reading section techniques, strategies & approaches]]
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** wars mark historical turning points
** wars mark historical turning points
*** therefore ideas, discussions and themes are different before and after wars
*** therefore ideas, discussions and themes are different before and after wars
 
* you can also isolate non-historical possible answers because the language or perspective would not apply to that particular period or historical actors
=== example of applying historical knowledge on SAT Reading ===
* College Board practice test 10, 4hth passage, question 39:
** the passages are from 1898 & 1900 regarding the Spanish-American War, in which the U.S. fully engaged in imperialism and colonialism
** possible answers to question 39 are:
<pre>A) founding and history of the United States.
B) vibrancy and diversity of American culture.
C) worldwide history of struggles for independence.
D) idealism that permeates many aspects of American society</pre>
simply by knowing the perspective of 1898/1900, we can eliminate:
* x B) "diversity" = a modern not a c. 1900 political value or expression
* x C) "worldwide history" = a modern not a c. 1900 political value or expression (which would be concerned about American and not "worldwide" history)
* x D) "idealism that permeates" = a modern and not a c. 1900 perspective
** without looking at the text, we can eliminate down to the correct answer, A)


== Major wars timeline ==
== Major wars timeline ==
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* 1898: Spanish-American War
* 1898: Spanish-American War
* 1914-18: WWI (U.S. 1917-1918)
* 1914-18: WWI (U.S. 1917-1918)
* 1939-45: WWII
* 1939-45: WWII (U.S. 1941-1945)
* 1959-75: Vietnam War (U.S. ground war: 1965)
* 1959-75: Vietnam War (U.S. ground war: 1965-72)
* 2002-current: Afghanistan/ War on Terror
* 2002-2021: Afghanistan/ War on Terror
* 2003-11: Iraq War (Iraqi Insurgency: 2003-2006)
* 2003-11: Iraq War (Iraqi Insurgency: 2003-2006)
|| Other wars to know:
|| Other wars to know:
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''American Revolution timeline:'''
|<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''American Revolution timeline:'''
   - 1765-1775: Colonial agitation
   - 1765-1775: Colonial agitation against British rule & laws
  - 1774: fist Continental Congress & other colonial organization in opposition of British rule
  - 1775-76: Thomas Paine's "Common Sense", Declaration of Indepenndence
   - 1775-1781: War
   - 1775-1781: War
   - 1783: Treaty of Paris formally ends War
   - 1783: Treaty of Paris formally ends War
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|}
|}
== Historical terminology ==
== Historical terminology ==
* '''abolition/ abolitionism''' = movement to end slavery
* '''abolition/ abolitionism / emancipation''' = movement to end slavery
** the 13th amendment "abolished" slavery (1865)
** the 13th amendment "abolished" slavery (1865)
* '''civil rights'''
* '''civil rights, Jim Crow, Segregation, Civil Rights Movement'''
** the 13th, 14th & 15th amendments, which followed the Civil War, abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship for freed slaves, and guaranteed the right to vote by former male slaves, respectively
** those protections were only as good as the laws were implemented
*** "Reconstruction" = the period from 1865-1877, during which Union armies occupied the South and enforced "reconstruction" era protections of the rights of the former slaves
*** Reconstruction failed to fully implement those laws, and "segregation"
* '''disenfranchised'''
** = not having the vote (franchise)
* '''domestic'''
** in politics/ economics = the homeland, or "home" politics, economy, etc.
* '''franchise'''
** = the vote, the right to vote
* '''imperialism'''
* '''imperialism'''
* '''"Manifest destiny"''' = movement for U.S. westward expansion across the continent (term coined in 1845)
* '''"Manifest destiny"''' = movement for U.S. westward expansion across the continent (term coined in 1845)
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** in the U.S., the 18th amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol (1917)  
** in the U.S., the 18th amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol (1917)  
*** the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment (1933)
*** the 21st amendment repealed the 18th amendment (1933)
* '''"republican motherhood"'''
* '''states rights'''
** the that states have distinct powers and laws from the federal government
*** or, = an assertion of those powers over federal power
*** related to "nullification" and the "nullification crisis"
**** = when a state "nullifies" a federal law
**** = a crisis because it puts state power above federal power (in violation of the "Supremacy cause")
* '''suffrage''' = "the vote" or the right to vote
* '''suffrage''' = "the vote" or the right to vote
** the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for male former slaves (1869)
** the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for male former slaves (1869)
* '''temperance''' or '''temperance movement = "another term for prohibition of alcohol
** women who championed or protested for the vote between the Civil War and 1919 were known as "'''Suffragettes'''"
* '''suffragette''' = a woman who advocated, often in public protest, for women's suffrage
*  '''tariff''' = import duties (taxes)
**  the tariff was a dominant political issue in the first +/- 120 years of the country
***  low tariff advocates tended to be states that exported agricultural products (esp. cotton) and imported manufactured goods
****  early Democrats (Jeffersonians) were anti-tariff
****  low-tariff advocates argue/argued that import taxes punish consumers and create high prices of domestic as well as foreign goods
***  high-tariff advocates tended to be manufacturing states
****  Whigs (Hamiltonians) and early Republicans were pro-tariff
****  high-tariff advocates were/ are called "protectionists" in that they want to "protect" American industry and jobs from foreign competition (imports)
* '''temperance''' or '''temperance movement''' = anti-alcohol / prohibition of alcohol movements
* '''women's suffrage''' = right to vote for women
* '''women's suffrage''' = right to vote for women
*** in U.S. the 19th Amendment guaranteed the right of women to vote (1919)
** in U.S. the 19th Amendment guaranteed the right of women to vote (1919)
* '''"republican motherhood"'''
* '''women's rights''' =
* '''states rights'''
**the 19th Amendment guaranteed <u>political equality</u> for women, but not equality in economics, education, etc.
** '''suffragette''' = a woman who advocated, often in public protest, for women's suffrage
** so passages on women's rights after 1919 will focus on those aspects of equality, not suffrage
* '''tariff'''
*
 
== Historical actors to know ==
By knowing these persons and the periods and themes they represent, you can relate to them any unfamiliar authors on the test who have a similar outlook or historical significance
* '''Susan B. Anthony''', 1820-1907
** women's suffrage leader and abolitionist
* '''William Jennings Bryan''', 1860-1925
** Democratic leader and candidate for President
** promoted "populism" and "soft money" (silver)
* '''Edmund Burke''', 1729-1797
** Conservative British politician and critic of the French Revolution
*** Burke argued against radicalism and destruction of institutions
** supported U.S. colonies against British suppression of colonial dissent
*** articulated theory of "salutary neglect" which argued that direct British control of the American colonies was undesirable, whereas when British policies towards the colonies were hands-off, it constituted "salutary" or healthy, neglect
* '''Frederick Douglass''', 1818-1895
** born in slavery, escaped slavery and became nation's prominent abolitionist and civil rights advocate
* '''Stephen Douglas''', 1813-1861
** Illinois Democratic Senator who championed ""Popular Sovereignty" as a solution to the pre-Civil War problem of the spread of slavery across the continent and for entry of new states
** Douglas famously debated Lincoln during the Illinois Senate race of 1858
* '''Abraham Lincoln''', 1809-1865
** note that Lincoln opposed the Mexican-American War (1846-48)
* '''John Stuart Mill''', 1806-1873
** British politician, philosopher; supported women's suffrage; proponent of utilitarianism (the idea of maximal "utility" to create maximum benefit)
* '''Thomas Paine'''
** radical, pro-revolution
** wrote "Common Sense"
* '''Elizabeth Cady Stanton''', 1815-1902
** women's suffrage; organizer of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention
* '''Henry David Thoreau''', 1817-1862
** mid-19th century essayist, abolitionist; championed civil rights and dissent in "Civil Disobedience"
* '''Alexis de Tocqueville''', 1805-1859
** French aristocrat who authored a study of the nature of American democracy, "Democracy in America"
*'''Mary Wollstonecraft''', 1759-`797
**early British advocate of women's rights; considered founder of feminist philosophy


== Themes & events timelines ==
== Themes & events timelines ==
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** it is useful to know the general timeline, anyway
** it is useful to know the general timeline, anyway
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; width:75%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; width:75%;"
|+ 16th & 17th centuries
|+ 16th-18th centuries
|-  
|-  
| 1500-1600s
| 1500-1600s
* colonization of Americas by European powers
* Early British colonial settlements:
* Early British colonial settlements:
** 1584 Roanoke  
** 1584 Roanoke  
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1700s General:  
1700s General:  
* Enlightenment / Age of Reason
* Enlightenment / Age of Reason
* Americas colonization
* European economic / political expansion/ colonization/ slavery / mercantilism
* European economic / political expansion/ colonization/ slavery / mercantilism
* U.S. colonial westward expansion
* U.S. colonial westward expansion
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   - taxes
   - taxes
   - dispute over representation in Parliament
   - dispute over representation in Parliament
'''1775-81 American Revolution'''
'''1775-81 American Revolution & early American Republic'''
  - 1776: Declaration of Independence
  - 1776: Declaration of Independence
  - 1787: US Constitution (ratified 1789)
  - 1787: US Constitution (ratified 1789)
  - 1789 US Gov operates under constitution
  - 1789: US Gov operates under constitution
- 1789-95: George Washington President, consolidation of the presidency, assertion federal powers
- 1790s: growing partisan divide between Adams/Hamilton Federalists (pro-central power, pro-tariff, pro-national bank) and Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans (anti-strong central gov, pro-states, anti-tariff and anti-bank)
- 1798: Alien & Sedition Acts enacted as part of bitter US political divide over France-Britain wars
'''1789-95: French Revolution'''
'''1789-95: French Revolution'''
  - 1793: French Rev: Reign of Terror
- 1789: Estates General called but Third Estate (commoners) creates rival National Assembly, hurch property is nationalized by the National Assembly, Declaration of the Rights of Man issued
- 1790-93: Nobility abolished, Haitian Revolution starts, new Constitution enacted, King attempts to flee Paris and is tried and executed (1792-3)
  - 1793-94: French Rev: Reign of Terror ("Jacobin Club" = anti-royalists who seize power in 1793), fall of Jacobins (1795), the Directory takes over (governing council)
  - 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power
  - 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power
|-
|-
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|-  
|-  
|* '''1800s general:'''
|* '''1800s general:'''
- Rise of US political parties
  - US western expansion (new states)
  - US western expansion (new states)
- Slavery / Civil War/ Reconstruction / Segregation
  - Social and economic change/ progress
  - Social and economic change/ progress
  - Rising middle and professional class  
  - Rising middle and professional class  
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  - Democracy / expanding rights and freedoms
  - Democracy / expanding rights and freedoms
'''Early 1800s timeline'''
'''Early 1800s timeline'''
- 1800: Election of Jefferson called the "Revolution of 1800" = 1st successful transition of power between rival political parties
- 1803: Louisiana Purchase expands US territory west of the Mississippi River
  - 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars
  - 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars
  - 1812-1815 War of 1812 (US v Britain)
  - 1812-1815 War of 1812 (US v Britain)
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  - 1840s-50s: Karl Marx / Irish potato famine / direct British rule in India / Charles Darwin
  - 1840s-50s: Karl Marx / Irish potato famine / direct British rule in India / Charles Darwin
'''1820s-1850s Antebellum US:'''
'''1820s-1850s Antebellum US:'''
  - Missouri Comprise of 1820
  - 1820, Missouri Comprise (also "Compromise of 1820")
  - Alexander de Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America” (study of America by French diplomat)
  - 1830s, Alexander de Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America” (study of America by French diplomat)
  - sectional conflict & compromises: slavery/ tariff/ National Bank
  - 1820s-30s, temperance movement (precursor to Second Great Awakening)
  - Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)
  - 1831, Nat Turner’s (slave) Rebellion
  - Indian wars 1830s (also 1870s)
  - 1830s, Indian wars 1830s (also 1870s)
  - religious movements / Second Great Awakening/
  - 1840s-50s, religious movements / Second Great Awakening
  - Thoreau/ Emerson/ Transcendentalism, individualism, individual morality, nature
  > Thoreau/ Emerson/ Transcendentalism, individualism, individual morality, nature
  - temperance movement
  > women's political participation (part of Jacksonian democracy)
- women's political participation (part of Jacksonian democracy)
  > women's suffrage (voting) & rights / franchise / disenfranchisement
  - women's suffrage (voting) & rights / franchise / disenfranchisement
  - 1848, Seneca Falls/ Declaration of Sentiments
  - Seneca Falls/ Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
  - anti-slavery/ abolition movement / Frederick Douglass / Underground Railroad / Uncle Tom’s Cabin / "Bleeding Kansas" / John Brown's rebellion
  - anti-slavery/ abolition movement / Frederick Douglass / Underground Railroad / Uncle Tom’s Cabin  
|| '''Antebellum themes:'''
|| '''Antebellum additional:'''
- sectional division, political conflict & compromises:
  >> slavery/territorial expansion /  tariff/ national bank
  - 1820s-40s US: railroads/ canals / telegraph
  - 1820s-40s US: railroads/ canals / telegraph
  - 1830s-50s: Manifest Destiny / western expansion
  - 1829-1837: Jackson presidency/ Jacksonian Revolution (increased political participation)
  - 1848: Mexican-American War (ends compromise of 1820 due to new states/ territories; leads to North-South division)
- 1834-45: Texas independence (1845 annexation to U.S.)
- Manifest Destiny / western expansion (1830s-1850s)
  - 1846-48: Mexican-American War: ends compromise of 1820 due to new states/ territories; leads to heightened North-South division
- 1850: Compromise of 1850 (Stephen Douglas, popular sovereignty)
- 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act
'''1861-1865: Civil War'''
'''1861-1865: Civil War'''
  - slavery / states’ rights / union  
  - slavery / states’ rights / union  
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|-
|-
|}
|}
== Example of applying historical knowledge or context on SAT Reading ==
=== Historical knowledge ===
* [https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/pdf/sat-practice-test-7.pdf College Board practice test 7, 4th passage, question 40]:
* these two passages are from 1840 and 1851
** '''1840 by Alexis de Tocqueville'''
*** students are likely to have heard of Tocqueville, a French aristocrat who studied American democracy and notions of equality
*** he wrote a book "Democracy in America" with his observations on American social, economic, and political outcomes through the point of view of 1) a French aristocrat; and 2) the effects of democratic and egalitarian views of white Americans
** '''1850 by Harriet Taylor Mill'''
** students would be less likely to know Mill, but we can infer from the introduction her arguments, especially as counter to those of a French aristocrat
*** Mill was an important British advocate for women's rights
*** she married the British political philosopher, John Stuart Mill
** students are likely to know that the 1840s-1850s were a time of reform called the "Second Great Awakening"
*** and that many of these reform movements intersected
**** especially women's rights and abolition of slavery
click EXPAND for elimination based upon historical understanding of the perspectives of these authors:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* passage perspectives:
** Tocqueville is an observer and not an advocate,
*** therefore he will speak about how things are (if filtered through his own points of view)
** Mill is a reformer,
*** therefore, she will speak about how things ought to be (in this case equality between the sexes)
* '''Question 40 reads''':
<pre>Which choice best describes the ways that the two authors conceive of the individual’s proper position in society?</pre>
* and the possible answers are:
<pre>A) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be defined in important ways by that individual’s sex, while Mill believes that an individual’s abilities should be the determining factor.
B) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s economic class should determine that individual’s position, while Mill believes that class is not a legitimate consideration.
C) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s temperament should determine that individual’s position, while Mill believes that temperament should not be a factor in an individual’s position.
D) Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be determined by what is most beneficial to society, while Mill believes it should be determined by what an individual finds most rewarding</pre>
* Since we know that Mill advocates for women's equality, and we know that Tocqueville is an aristocrat, we can eliminate as follows:
* A)
** Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be defined in important ways by that individual’s sex
*** can't eliminate because aristocrats at the time believed in traditional roles for men and women
** while Mill believes that an individual’s abilities should be the determining factor.
*** Mill believes in equality for women
** so we can't eliminate A)
* B)
** Tocqueville believes that an individual’s economic class should determine that individual’s position
*** an aristocrat would likely believe this, so we can't eliminate (even if it is not in the text)
** while Mill believes that class is not a legitimate consideration.
*** Mill is concerned about gender equality and not among the economic classes
** so eliminate B)
* C)
** Tocqueville believes that an individual’s temperament should determine that individual’s position
*** Tocqueville is not concerned with individual "temperament" (character)
** while Mill believes that temperament should not be a factor in an individual’s position.
*** Mill argues the opposite of that statement, so eliminate
** however, we can also eliminate this possible answer from a general historical perspective
*** an aristocrat would not care about character in determining social position and instead would argue for birth for that determination
*** an egalitarian would argue the opposite, that character and not birth should define an individual's position in society
** so eliminate C)
* D)
** Tocqueville believes that an individual’s position should be determined by what is most beneficial to society
*** an aristocrat may take this position (and Tocqueville does)
** while Mill believes it should be determined by what an individual finds most rewarding
*** as an egalitarian, Mill would believe in a more altruistic point of view,
**** i.e., society will benefit from empowerment of individuals and not simply from individuals getting what they each find "most rewarding"
**** (that would be a different, generally, economic point of view regarding the social benefits of individual selfishness, and not the point of view of a mid-19th century egalitarian reformer)
**** (this possible answer is likely intended to deliberately confuse students between Harriett Taylor Mill and John Stuart Mill who did advocate for individual protection from state control)
** so eliminate D)
</div>
=== Historical context & language ===
* [https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/pdf/sat-practice-test-10.pdf College Board practice test 10, 4th passage, question 39]:
* the passages are from 1898 & 1900 regarding the Spanish-American War, in which the U.S. fully engaged in imperialism and colonialism
** possible answers to question 39 are:
<pre>A) founding and history of the United States.
B) vibrancy and diversity of American culture.
C) worldwide history of struggles for independence.
D) idealism that permeates many aspects of American society</pre>
click EXPAND for eliminate based upon the perspective of the 1898/1900's:
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* x B) "diversity" = a modern not a c. 1900 political value or expression
* x C) "worldwide history" = a modern not a c. 1900 political value or expression (which would be concerned about American and not "worldwide" history)
* x D) "idealism that permeates" = a modern and not a c. 1900 perspective
** without looking at the text, we can eliminate down to the correct answer, A)
</div>


== General SAT Reading section topics & themes ==
== General SAT Reading section topics & themes ==
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