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SAT Reading & Writing section grammar rules & elimination chart: Difference between revisions

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'''SAT Writing section quick start rules & elimination chart'''
'''SAT Digital Reading and Writing section quick start rules & elimination chart'''
[[Category:SAT verbal]]
[[Category:SAT exam prep]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:SAT Writing]]
* the answers & eliminations follow set grammar, punctuation, and usage conventions
* therefore, identify the rules as you practice & apply them in your elimination strategies
* consider each possible answer and identify the RULES that govern its correctness or error:
 
 
'''* * page under construction **'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''CLAUSE'''
!Item
!Rule
!Rule/ Test
|-
| rowspan="4" |independent clause (IC)
| rowspan="4" |has a subject and verb and could be a sentence by itself
|subject and verb cannot be separated by a single comma
|-
|IC may contain multiple subjects and/or verbs and/or objects
|-
|IC may contain a parenthetical phrase or
|-
|multiple ICs are combined using comma + coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
|-
|main clause (MC)
|the primary idea of a sentence
must be an IC
|if there are two IC, then there is no main clause (MC)
|-
| rowspan="3" |dependent clause (DC)
|has a subject and verb but cannot be a sentence by itself
|introduced by subordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns, etc.
|-
|dependent clauses modify the IC or add information to it
|dependent clauses are introduced by a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun:
 
* subordinating conjunction: since,
 
* relative pronoun: that, which, who
|-
|DC types include '''subordinate''' (SC), '''relative''' (RC), '''noun''' (NC) and '''adverb''' clauses
|identify dependent clauses by the conjunction that introduces the dependent thought ("Since it's raining...")
|-
| rowspan="2" |subordinate clause SC
| rowspan="2" |introduced by a subordinating conjunction, such as because, when, which, etc.
|if following an IC, the subordinating conjunction "which" usually refers to the object of the prior IC
|-
|make sure the SC is not next to another SC (i.e, 2 SC's in a row is usually incorrect)
|-
| rowspan="3" |relative clause (RC)
|introduced by a relative pronoun (that, which, who, whom, which)
|relative clause has a subject (pronoun) & verb but is not an IC, as it serves to modify the IC
|-
|requisite RC = no punctuation if the information is essential (requisite)
|relative clauses may precede to modify a subject) or follow the verb (as part of the predicate)
|-
|non-requisite RC = sparated from other sentence part by a comma (not essential)
|
|-
|noun clause
(NC)
|a clause that acts as a noun
 
* = can be a subject, object, subject complement or object of a preposition
|NCs are often introduced by "what"
 
* "''What you think you know'' is wrong.
|-
|adverb clause
(AC)
|a clause that acts as an adverb
AC is a type of subordinate clause (SC)
 
* answers "where, when, why and how" of a main clause
* using SC such as "''after, because, wherever, with''", etc.
 
|AC answers ''how, where, when, why''
AC describes the action of the IC
 
* "He used a credit card ''because he had no cash"''
* "She ate heartily ''after she swam''"
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''PHRASE'''
| rowspan="2" |prepositional phrase
|prepositional phrases are not subjects of a sentence
|preposition and noun = preposition phrase = modifies another noun
|-
|
|when identifying the subject of the sentence, ignore the prepositional phrase
|-
|introductory phrase
|gives context to a sentence, usually as a prepositional phrase
|not always separated from the subject by a comma, so be sure to identify/separate it from the subject
|-
| rowspan="2" |participial phrase
(or participle)
| rowspan="2" |modifying phrase introduced by a verb acting as an adjective (participle)
|participial phrases
|-
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |parenthetical phrases
| rowspan="3" |sometimes called "interrupters", used to add information outside of sentence flow
|marked by parentheses '''( ... )''' commas ''', ...  ,''' or dashes '''--. .. --'''
|-
|comma: identify if the comma is creating a list or acting parenthetically
|-
|dash: identify if the dash is acting as a colon or parentheses
|-
|appositive phrase
|a form of parenthetical phrase that provides additional information
|sets aside important information
may also conclude a sentence, thereby not technically parenthetical, ex.:
 
* The author, ''an ornithologist'', studies birds"
 
* "The author specializes in ornithology, ''the study of birds"''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''VERB'''
| rowspan="3" |tense
| rowspan="3" |subject-verb matching (conjugations)
|identify the subject and match the verb to the subject (conjugation or singular/plural)
|-
|subjects are never the noun in a prepositional phrase (object of the preposition)
|-
|conjugate the verb to identify 3rd person singular or plural ("it goes" v. "they go")
|-
| rowspan="4" |participle adjective
| rowspan="4" |verb acting as an adjective
|distinguish the action verb from a participle adjective
|-
|linking verbs "is"/ "are" (to be) are often followed by a past participle (subject complement adjective)
|-
|present particple adjective = "-ing" form of the verb
|-
|past participle adjective = "-ed" or other simple past tense of the verb
|-
|gerund noun
|verb acting as a noun with the -ing form of the verb
|the gerund noun can be a subject
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''COMBINING SENTENCES'''
| rowspan="2" |redundancy
|repeats words or ideas already stated
|usually (but not always) the shortest answer is the correct answer if redundancy is the rule
|-
|pronoun is redundant or unecessary
|(note that comparisons and some other contexts require additional words)
|-
| rowspan="4" |punctuation
| rowspan="2" |type of clauses created by the sentence combination
|if two ICs are created, must be combined by a comma and coordinating conjunction (FANBOY)
|-
|if an IC and a SC are created, must be combined by a comma only
|-
| rowspan="2" |participial phrase
|participial phrases convert the verb of one of the sentences into a participle adjective
|-
|must be attached to an IC and combined with a comma only
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ >> TO DO
|Transition words
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|Sentence placement
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|apostrophes
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|parallelism
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|comparisons
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|}
*
[[Category:SAT digital test]]
[[Category:SAT exam prep]]
[[Category:SAT Writing]]
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