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Pre-Columbian Americas: Difference between revisions
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See | See also: [[Prehispanic Mesoamerica]] | ||
== pre-pottery Andean civilization == | == pre-pottery Andean civilization == | ||
* west-slope of the Andes | * also called "Archaic period" | ||
* changes in elevation within close proximity | * settlements on the west-slope of the Andes | ||
** provided multiple ecological environments | * advantages of the location: | ||
** variety of | ** changes in elevation within close proximity of the ocean | ||
** access to the ocean | *** provided multiple ecological environments | ||
*** variety of plants (each adapted to the different elevation) | |||
*** access to the ocean, especially for fishing | |||
* population growth along three river valleys | * population growth along three river valleys | ||
** Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers | ** Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers | ||
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=== City of Caral === | === City of Caral === | ||
{| border="1" align="right" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E8E8E8; font-size:90%;" cellpadding="5" | |||
|+ | |||
City of Caral timeline | |||
|- | |||
| '''Period''' | |||
| '''Stage''' | |||
|- | |||
| 2800 BC | |||
| early settlement in Picu valley | |||
|- | |||
| 2600 BC | |||
| rowspan="2" | First constructions | |||
|- | |||
| 2400 BC | |||
|- | |||
| 2200 BC | |||
| rowspan="2" | Enlarged and reconstructed | |||
|- | |||
| 2000 BC | |||
|- | |||
| 1800 BC | |||
| city abandoned | |||
|- | |||
|+ align="bottom" |source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral | |||
|} | |||
[[File:PiramidesdeCaral.JPG|thumb|Pyramids at Caral-Supe]] | [[File:PiramidesdeCaral.JPG|thumb|Pyramids at Caral-Supe]] | ||
* the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru | * the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru | ||
| Line 40: | Line 63: | ||
** disrupted fisheries | ** disrupted fisheries | ||
== Amazon civilizations == | |||
Casarabe Culture, 500-1400 AD | |||
* agriculture-based society in Amazon region of modern Bolivia (Llanos de Mojos) and southwestern Brazil | |||
** watery-region | |||
* created urban centers with elevated terraces, monumental buildings and pyramid-shaped mounds | |||
* water control via canals, reservoirs, causeways and islands | |||
* pimary cities: Landivar and Cotoca | |||
see | |||
* [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lost-cities-of-the-amazon-discovered-from-the-air-180980142/ Lost Cities of the Amazon Discovered from the Air (Smithsonian)] | |||
[[ | * [[wikipedia:Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)|Llanos de Moxos (wikipedia)]] | ||
== Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas== | |||
* Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region: | * Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region: | ||
** North America: no smelting | ** North America: no smelting | ||
*** copper readily available, malleable by hammering | *** copper readily available, malleable by hammering | ||
*** iron ore used to make jewelry, simple tools << confirm | |||
**** easily exploitable in Great Lakes regions | |||
**** but not applied to metallurgy | |||
** South America developed smelting | ** South America developed smelting | ||
** Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion | ** Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion | ||
| Line 81: | Line 119: | ||
**** | **** | ||
[[Category:World History]] | [[Category:World History]] | ||
== Writing in pre-Columbian Americas == | |||
* quipu | |||
** see : [[wikipedia:Quipu|Quipu - Wikipedia]] | |||
== Aztecs / Aztec Empire == | |||
engineering | |||
writing system | |||
=== vocabulary === | |||
* aqueducts | |||
* canals | |||
* chinampas | |||
* dikes | |||
* hieroglyphs | |||
* obsidian | |||
* quetzal | |||
** tropical bird that Aztecs use for their feathers | |||
* slash and burn agriculture | |||
* tribute | |||