Pre-Columbian Americas: Difference between revisions

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+See also: [[Prehispanic Mesoamerica]]
+== pre-pottery Andean civilization ==
+* also called "Archaic period"
+* settlements on the west-slope of the Andes
+* advantages of the location:
+** changes in elevation within close proximity of the ocean
+*** provided multiple ecological environments
+*** variety of plants (each adapted to the different elevation)
+*** access to the ocean, especially for fishing
+* population growth along three river valleys
+** Fortaleza, Pativilca, Caral-Supe rivers
+=== Norte Chico civilization, 3500-1800 BC ===
+=== City of Caral ===
+{| border="1" align="right" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E8E8E8; font-size:90%;" cellpadding="5"
+|+
+City of Caral timeline
+|-
+| '''Period'''
+| '''Stage'''
+|-
+| 2800 BC
+| early settlement in Picu valley
+|-
+| 2600 BC
+| rowspan="2" | First constructions
+|-
+| 2400 BC
+|-
+| 2200 BC
+| rowspan="2" | Enlarged and reconstructed
+|-
+| 2000 BC
+|-
+| 1800 BC
+| city abandoned
+|-
+|+ align="bottom" |source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caral
+|}
+[[File:PiramidesdeCaral.JPG|thumb|Pyramids at Caral-Supe]]
+* the oldest city in the Americas is "Caral-Supe" or "Caral" in Peru
+** "Caral" is the city
+** "Supe" = the valley
+* built approx. 3,000 BC
+** contemporaneous (same time) with Ancient Egypt
+* population was approx, 3,000
+** other similar sites suggest overall regional population of up to 20,000
+* consists of ceremonial, monumental and administrative buildings/ structures
+* city layout shows signs of social classes
+** large residential complexes near to ceremonial structures
+** small rooms in other areas
+* built pyramids
+* created the pattern of urban design in the Andes through to the Inca
+* shows no signs of warfare of defensive structures
+==== Collapse ====
+* earthquakes
+* wind-blown sand and sediment from wind shift towards inland from the sea
+** disrupted agriculture
+** disrupted fisheries
+== Amazon civilizations ==
+Casarabe Culture, 500-1400 AD
+* agriculture-based society in Amazon region of modern Bolivia (Llanos de Mojos) and southwestern Brazil
+** watery-region
+* created urban centers with elevated terraces, monumental buildings and pyramid-shaped mounds
+* water control via canals, reservoirs, causeways and islands
+* pimary cities: Landivar and Cotoca
+see
+* [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lost-cities-of-the-amazon-discovered-from-the-air-180980142/ Lost Cities of the Amazon Discovered from the Air (Smithsonian)]
+* [[wikipedia:Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)|Llanos de Moxos (wikipedia)]]
+== Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas==
 * Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Americas per region:
 ** North America: no smelting
 *** copper readily available, malleable by hammering
+*** iron ore used to make jewelry, simple tools  << confirm
+**** easily exploitable in Great Lakes regions
+**** but not applied to metallurgy
 ** South America developed smelting
 ** Mesoamerica metallurgy via South American diffusion
@@ Line 36: / Line 118: @@
 *** planks not exploited for buildings / ships
 ****
+[[Category:World History]]
+== Writing in pre-Columbian Americas ==
+* quipu
+** see : [[wikipedia:Quipu|Quipu - Wikipedia]]
+== Aztecs / Aztec Empire ==
+engineering
+writing system
+=== vocabulary ===
+* aqueducts
+* canals
+* chinampas
+* dikes
+* hieroglyphs
+* obsidian
+* quetzal
+** tropical bird that Aztecs use for their feathers
+* slash and burn agriculture
+* tribute