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Non-finite verbs & the "verbiness" of participles gerunds infinitives worksheet: Difference between revisions

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Non-finite verbs & the "verbiness" of participles gerunds infinitives worksheet (view source)

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== Example ==
'''Non-Finite Verbs & “Verbiness”'''
{| class="wikitable";
 
|+Present and Past Participles: finite and non-finite forms
* click [https://school4schools.wiki/w/images/2/2c/Verbiness_of_participles_gerunds_infinitives.pdf here for pdf printout of this worksheet]
! rowspan="2" |Past
 
Participle
!Finite Verb
<small>(has a subject)</small>
!
''I '''<u>spent</u>''' money on a new phone.''
|-
!Non-finite Verb
<small>(does not have a subject)</small>
!''My old one is more than'' ''<u>spent</u>.''
|-
!Present
Participle
!Finite Verb
<small>(has a subject)</small>
!''I am spending too much money on phones.''
|-
!
!Non-finite Verb
<small>(does not have a subject)</small>
!Spending so much money on new phones is annoying
|}


== Finite v. Non-Finite Verbs ==
'''Finite verb''' = action verb
'''Finite verb''' = action verb


·       has a subject
·      has a subject


'''Non-finite verb''' = verbs acting as adjective, adverb or noun
'''Non-finite verb''' = verbs acting as adjective, adverb or noun


·       does not have a subject
·      does not have a subject


·       also called “verbals”
·      also called “verbals”


== Participle ==
'''Participle''' = present continuous (-ing) or simple past (-ed) tense of a verb
'''Participle''' = present continuous (-ing) or simple past (-ed) tense of a verb


·       ''can be a finite or non-finite verb''
·       ''can be a finite or non-finite verb''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
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!
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!
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|}
== Non-finite verb forms: ==
·      '''present participle''' = '''-''ing'''''
·      = an adjective (“present participle adjective”)
or
·      = a noun (“gerund”)
·      '''past participle''' = ''-ed''
·      = an adjective (“past participle adjective”)
·      '''infinitive''' = “to” form of a verb
·      as in "to go" or "to enjoy"


'''Non-finite verb''' forms:
·      “infinitive” is from Latin for “indefinite” or “unrestricted” because the verb form is not tied to a specific case (person or number)


·       '''present participle''' = -''ing''
·      can be an adjective, adverb or noun


·       = an adjective (“present participle adjective”)
== Purpose of non-finite verbs ==
The non-finite verbs do not indicate a direct action, but they convey a “sense” of action. So, when we say,


·       or a noun (“gerund”)
''Learning grammar is boring, but to know a little is quite useful''


·       '''past participle''' = ''-ed''
* "learning" = gerund (noun)
** "grammar" = the object of the gerund "learning
* "is" = finite verb
** the subject of "is" is the gerund (non-finitve verb) "learning"
* "to know" = infinitive
** "to know" is acting as a noun and is the subject of the verb of the second clause "is"
*** "a little" is a compound adverb that modifies "to know"


·       = an adjective (“past participle adjective”)
whereas both “learning” and “to know” are the subjects (nouns) of the two verbs “is”, they convey the action of learning and knowing.


·       '''infinitive''' = “to” form of a verb
Additionally, while non-finite verbs do not have a subject, they maintain the grammatical properties of finite verbs of objects and complements. Thus, in


·       “infinitive” is from Latin for “indefinite” or “unrestricted” because the verb form is not tied to a specific case (person or number)
             ''Learning grammar is boring''


·       can be an adjective, adverb or noun
“grammar” is the object of “learning” and thus indicates what is learned (an action)


=== Participles ===
== Participles ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|
|
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''Dad '''cooked''' dinner''
''Dad '''cooked''' dinner''
|''Dinner '''cooking''' makes me happy''
|''Dinner '''cooking''' on the stove makes me happy''
|'''''Cooking''''' ''is fun''
|'''''Cooking''''' ''is fun''
|'''''Cooked'''''  ''food is better for you than raw food''
|'''''Cooked'''''  ''food is better for you than raw food''
Line 87: Line 157:
''The boy '''smiled'''''
''The boy '''smiled'''''
|''The '''smiling''' boy is happy''
|''The '''smiling''' boy is happy''
|'''''Smiling''''' ''makes others happy''  
|'''''Smiling''''' ''makes other people happy''  
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|}
|}


=== Infinitives ===
== Infinitives ==
 
 
The infinitive expresses a state or result of action – not the action itself:
The infinitive expresses a state or result of action – not the action itself:


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|'''infinitive  noun'''  
|'''infinitive  noun'''  
|-
|-
|''soup  '''to boil''' completes dinner''
|''soup  '''to serve''' completes dinner''
|''it  is good '''to boil''' water''
|''it  is prudent '''to boil''' the water''
|'''''to boil''''' ''water makes  it hot''
|'''''to boil''''' ''water makes  it hot''
|-
|-
|''The best way '''to cook''' is baking''
|''the best way '''to cook''' is baking''
|''I  am hoping '''to cool''' tomorrow''
|''I  am hoping '''to cool''' off tomorrow''
|''I  learned how '''to cook''' fish''
|''I  learned how '''to cook''' fish''
|-
|-
|''I  have homework '''to finish''' *''
|''I  have homework '''to finish''' *''
|''She works '''to advance''' her career''
|''she works '''to advance''' her career''
|''We  want '''to go''' home''
|''We  want '''to go''' home''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |''* note how  the adjective and adverb forms of “to finish” are essentially interchangeable''
| colspan="3" |''* note how  the adjective and adverb forms of “to finish” are essentially interchangeable''
|}
|}  
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|Testing for '''participle adjective'''
|Testing for '''participle adjective'''
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= a valid sentence
= a valid sentence


<-- therefore “boiled” is an adjective
'''<-- therefore “boiled” is an adjective'''


|'''''Boiling water takes 5 minutes.'''''
|'''''Boiling water takes 5 minutes.'''''
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= incoherent sentence
= incoherent sentence


<-- therefore “boiling” is a noun
'''<-- therefore “boiling” is a noun'''
|'''''To boil water makes it hot.'''''
|'''''To boil water makes it hot.'''''


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= incoherent sentence
= incoherent sentence


<-- therefore “to boil” is a noun
'''<-- therefore “to boil” is a noun'''


or:
or:
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= valid sentence
= valid sentence


<-- therefore “to finish” is an adjective
'''<-- therefore “to finish” is an adjective'''


|}
|}
To test whether the participle or infinitive is an adjective/adverb or noun, remove it from the sentence, and see…
To test whether the participle or infinitive is an adjective/adverb or noun, remove it from the sentence, and see…


=== '''“Verbiness”''' ===
== “Verbiness” ==




Participle adjectives, gerunds and infinitives retain their “verbiness”, or their indication of an action.
Participle adjectives, gerunds and infinitives retain their “verbiness”, or their indication of an action:


Just like '''finite verb'''s, '''non-finite verbs''' can have adverbs, objects, and prepositional phrases.
{| class="wikitable"
|''I enjoy “watching” tennis''
|“watching” = the action or  state of watching
|-
|''Studying hard pays off''
|“studying” = the state or action  of studying
|-
|''The time to go is now''
|“to go” = the state or action  of going
|}
 
 
Just like '''finite verb'''s, '''non-finite verbs''' can have “''complements''”
 
= adverbs, objects, or prepositional phrases
 
but they do not have a subject (if so, they’d become a finite-verb)


              ** they do not have subjects!! (if so, they’d become a finite-verb)


Let’s review those grammatical forms:
Let’s review those grammatical forms:


       <u>Adverb</u> = usually describes a verb as to ''how, how much where, when,'' etc.
Adverb = usually describes a verb as to ''how, how much where, when,'' etc.
 
             ''She runs fast''


              ''She runs fast''
                           “fast” describes how she runs


                     “fast” describes how she runs
Object = recipient of the action of a verb


       <u>Object</u> = recipient of the action of a verb
             <u>direct object</u> = what was acted on by the verb


              direct object = what was acted on by the verb
                          ''I gave a book''


              ''I gave a book''
                                        = “book” is what I “gave”


                     = “book” is what I “gave”
             <u>indirect object</u> = the recipient what was acted on by the verb


              indirect object = the recipient what was acted on by the verb
                          ''I gave her a book ''


               ''I gave her a book ''
= I gave a book “to her”


                     = I gave a book “to her”
Prepositional phrase = a modifying phrase to describe another noun or verb


       <u>Prepositional phrase</u> = a modifying phrase to describe another noun or verb
      ''The keys are on the table by the door.''


       ''The keys are on the table by the door.''
                    “on the table” and “by the door” are prepositional phrases


                      “on the table” and “by the door” are prepositional phrases


Non-finite verbs can be modified by all of these sentence parts.
Non-finite verbs can be modified by all of these sentence parts.


Let’s see how:
Let’s see how:


==== ''Verbiness'' of Participle Adjectives: ====
== Verbiness of Participle Adjectives: ==
 
 
- participle adjective indicating an action:
- participle adjective indicating an action:


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'''''Running''', I was still late.''
'''''Running''', I was still late.''


- participle adjective with an adverb:
- participle adjective with an adverb:
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''I prefer my food cooked '''thoroughly'''''
''I prefer my food cooked '''thoroughly'''''


·       “thoroughly” modifies the “cooked” not the verb “prefer”
·      “thoroughly” modifies the “cooked” not the verb “prefer”




- participle adjective with an object:
- participle adjective with an object:


              ''Running '''home''', I was still late''
             ''Running '''home''', I was still late''


·       “home” is the object of “running”, which describes “I was still late”
·      “home” is the object of “running”, which describes “I was still late”




- participle adjective with prepositional phrase*:
- participle adjective with prepositional phrase*:


              ''Running '''to my house''', I was still late''
             ''Running '''to my house''', I was still late''


·       “to my house” = prepositional phrase
·      “to my house” = prepositional phrase


==== ''Verbiness'' of Gerunds: ====
== Verbiness of Gerunds: ==




- gerund indicating an action:
- gerund indicating an action:


              '''''Cooking''''' ''takes practice''
             '''''Cooking''''' ''takes practice''
 
·      “cooking” = subject (a noun)


·       “cooking” = subject (noun) but still indicates the action of “cook”
·      but it still retains a sense of the action of “to cook”, even though it is not a direct action with a subject


- gerund with an object:
- gerund with an object:
Line 258: Line 345:
''Cooking '''food''' takes practice''
''Cooking '''food''' takes practice''


·       food = the object of "cooking"
·      food = the object of "cooking"


·       practice = the object of "takes"
·      practice = the object of "takes"




Line 267: Line 354:
''Cooking food '''well''' takes practice''
''Cooking food '''well''' takes practice''


==== Verbiness of Infinitives: ====
           
 
== Verbiness of Infinitives: ==
 
 
- infinitive as object:  
- infinitive as object:  


              ''I learned to build''
             ''I learned to build''


·       “to build” = direct object infinitive noun of “learned”
·      “to build” = direct object infinitive noun of “learned”




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''I learned how to build''
''I learned how to build''


·       “how” modifies the infinitive “to build” and not the verb “learned”
·      “how” modifies the infinitive “to build” and not the verb “learned”




- infinitive w/ object:
- infinitive w/ object:


              ''I learned how to build a computer''
             ''I learned how to build a computer''
 
·      "computer" = the object of infinitive noun "to build"
 
== Worksheet printout ==
[[File:Verbiness of participles gerunds infinitives.pdf]]
 


·       "computer" = the object of infinitive noun "to build"
[[File:Verbiness of participles gerunds infinitives.pdf|thumb]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Parts of speech]]
[[Category:Parts of speech]]
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