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List of word parts of speech & their grammar rules: Difference between revisions

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List of word parts of speech & their grammar rules (view source)

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[[category:Grammar]]
[[category:Grammar]]
[[category:SAT Verbal]]
[[category:Parts of Speech]]
[[category:SAT verbal]]




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<nowiki>=== entry format ===  
<nowiki>=== entry format ===  
* in general ...
* in general ...
* definitions
* ''part of speech 1''
** word form 1. definition
** word form 1 definition
** synonyms: a, b, c
** synonyms: a, b, c
** word form 1 examples
** word form 1 examples
*** examples
*** examples
** word form 2. definition
* ''part of speech 2''
** definition
** synonyms: a, b, c
** synonyms: a, b, c
** word form 2 examples
** word form 2 examples
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* see [[Parts of Speech]] entry  
* see [[Parts of Speech]] entry  
* Parts of speech list:
* Parts of speech list:
** adjective
** adjective (includes determiners except articles)
** adverb
** adverb
** article (or determiner)
** article (a distinct form of determiner)
** conjunction
** conjunction
** interjection
** interjection
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== A-B-C ==
== A-B-C ==
=== although ===
* in general, although is used for:
* Sources:
** [https://www.wikihow.com/Use-Although-in-a-Sentence How to use although in a sentence (wikihow)]
=== among ===
* in general, among is used for:
** comparing things or people in general
** comparing general groups of people or things
** indicating a general physical or abstract position or space
** ex.: "Among electronic gadgets, I prefer tablets the most"
* ''preposition''
* note: difference between ''among'' and ''between''
** ''among'' indicates a commonality for comparison, either similar or distinct, but in general
** ''between'' indicates a specific difference
** think of the difference as between "many" and "much"
*** much = for what cannot be counted (similar to among)
*** many = for what can be counted (similar to between)
* see:
** [[https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-between-and-among Difference between between and among (askanydifference.com)]]
=== any ===
* in general, to specify an certain amount or number of something
** ''determiner''
** indicates an amount or number of something
** i.e, "any" "determines" the amount of a noun
** synonyms: ''some, a bit of, a part of''
** ex. "Are there any cookies left?"
** frequently is used to indicate the absence of something
*** ex. "I didn't get any dessert."
* ''pronoun''
** indicates an amount (or absence of an amount)
*** ex. "I went to the store to buy more cookies, but they didn't have any left"
**** note that "more" is also a determiner
** can also refer to a type or category of something
*** ex. "That meteor is not of any known substance"
=== as ===
=== as ===
* in general "as" is used
* in general "as" is used
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** to show extent or degree ("As crazy as it seems"
** to show extent or degree ("As crazy as it seems"
** to accordance or a result ("Guilty as charged")
** to accordance or a result ("Guilty as charged")
* adverb
* ''adverb''
** "as" has an adverbial sense
** "as" has an adverbial sense
** as per Merriam-Webster: "usually used as a correlative after an adjective or adverb modified by adverbial as or so" [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"]
** as per Merriam-Webster: "usually used as a correlative after an adjective or adverb modified by adverbial as or so" [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"]
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*** "The lesson was as clear as the sky is blue"
*** "The lesson was as clear as the sky is blue"
*** "He serves as a useful reference."
*** "He serves as a useful reference."
* conjunction
* ''conjunction''
** for comparisons
** for comparisons
** examples
*** ex:
*** "That bird was as big as a cat"  
**** "That bird was as big as a cat"
*** "That test was as hard as anything"
**** "That test was as hard as anything"
*** note that "as" is not used for comparison when followed by a noun:
**** "''The cold soccer ball is as a brick''" = incorrect
***** correct = "''The cold soccer ball is like a brick''"
**** but we do use it as an adverb:
***** ''"The cold soccer ball is as hard as a brick"''
** showing simultaneous events
** showing simultaneous events
** examples:
*** ex.:  
*** "As you get older, you grow more patient"  
**** "As you get older, you grow more patient"
*** "He dropped his phone as he got up"  
**** "He dropped his phone as he got up"
** showing the meaning or purpose of something
** showing the meaning or purpose of something
** example:
*** ex:
*** "Exercise regularly, as it's good for your health"
**** "Exercise regularly, as it's good for your health"
** identifying something in the same way
** identifying something in the same way
*** "Dogs such as mine, are the best"
*** ex.:
*** synonymous in this sense with "like"
**** "Dogs such as mine, are the best"
**** synonymous in this sense with "like"
* preposition
* preposition
** used to relate to a role, purpose, quality or condition
** used to relate to a role, purpose, quality or condition
** example:
*** ex:  
*** "As an attorney, she knows the law"
**** "As an attorney, she knows the law"
*** as opposed to "Like an attorney..." ("like" there is making a comparison and not expressing a quality)
**** as opposed to "Like an attorney..." ("like" there is making a comparison and not expressing a quality)
*** "The ball served as a focus point as we watched the game"  
**** "The ball served as a focus point as we watched the game"
* Sources:
* Sources:
** [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/as Collins Dictionary "As"]
** [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/as Collins Dictionary "As"]
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** [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"]
** [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"]


=== although ===
besides
* in general, although is used for:
 
* Sources:
** [https://www.wikihow.com/Use-Although-in-a-Sentence How to use although in a sentence (wikihow)]


=== among ===
* in general, "in addition, as well"
* in general, among is used for:
** accepts an idea and adds to or contrasts with it
** comparing things or people in general
* adverb
** comparing general groups of people or things
** compares two actions/ verbs/ ideas
** indicating a general physical or abstract position or space
** means "''in addition''," "''as well''" and "''and also''"
** ex.: "Among electronic gadgets, I prefer tablets the most"
*** ''I work hard, and, '''besides''', I play hard, too.''
* preposition
* preposition
* note: difference between ''among'' and ''between''
** creates a prepositional phrase with a noun
** ''among'' indicates a commonality for comparison, either similar or distinct, but in general
*** '''''Besides hard work''', I play hard, too.''
** ''between'' indicates a specific difference
** think of the difference as between "many" and "much":
*** much = for what cannot be counted (similar to among)
*** many = for what can be counted (similar to between)
* see:
** [[https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-between-and-among Difference between between and among (askanydifference.com)]]


=== between ===
=== between ===
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* Sources
* Sources
** source using [ ]
** source using [ ]
=== here ===
* in general, to indicate when or where an action takes place
* definitions
** adverb
*** in, at, or to this place, position, or present moment
**** "I live here"
** imperative
*** a command to pay attention or introduce a topic or thing
**** "Here you go"
**** "Here is your dish"
** exclamation
*** "Here, give it to me"
*** "Here!" (to indicate presence or attendance)
**** as opposed to "hear, hear!", which indicates agreement
===however===
===however===
* adverb
* adverb
** = a "transitional adverb"
* = a "transitional adverb" or "conjunctive adverb"
** creates a contrast between to actions
* creates a contrast between to actions
** can also be a "relative adverb" when it is synonymous with "whenever" or "whoever"
*** or when it is used to introduce an adjective (or relative) clause (a clause that modifies or describes another word or sentence part)
**** as in ''However you got here, I'm glad you made it!''
* "however: is not a coordinating conjunction, i.e.:
* "however: is not a coordinating conjunction, i.e.:
** it does not combine independent clauses
** it does not combine independent clauses
** is not equivalent to "but" or any of the seven "coordinating conjunctions" (also called FANBOYS)
** is not equivalent to "but" or any of the seven "coordinating conjunctions" (also called FANBOYS)
click EXPAND for more on "however":
* transitional or conjunctive adverbs include ''consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, therefore and thus''
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* while ''however'' creates a contrast between two clauses, the relationship is semantic (the meaning of the words) and not grammatical
* while ''however'' creates a contrast between two clauses. the relationship is semantic (the meaning of the words) and not grammatical
** therefore ''however'' is not a conjunction
** therefore ''however'' is not a conjunction
* when using ''however'' between two independent clauses in order to contrast them, use either a period or a semicolon, such as:
* when using ''however'' between two independent clauses in order to contrast them, use either a period or a semicolon, such as:
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** or: "However much English teachers don't like a sentence to start with ''however'', it's just fine to use it that way."
** or: "However much English teachers don't like a sentence to start with ''however'', it's just fine to use it that way."
** vs.: "It's just fine to use ''however'' at the beginning of a sentence, however much English teachers don't like it that way."
** vs.: "It's just fine to use ''however'' at the beginning of a sentence, however much English teachers don't like it that way."
</div>
* however uses:
** introduces a clause:
*** ''Climbing is fun. However, be careful!''
** creates or qualifies a contrast:
*** ''However much you like it, it’s too expensive''
*** ''The committee, however, decided against it''
** expresses possibility
***''She’s glad to help however she can''
** expresses wonder or lack of specificity
***''However you did it, great job!''  = relative adverb
* sources:
* sources:
** [https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2012/02/07/however/ However (arrantpedantry.com)]
** [https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2012/02/07/however/ However (arrantpedantry.com)]
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== M-N-O ==
== M-N-O ==
===moreover===
* in general, means "additionally"
* adverb
** = a "transitional adverb"
** creates a contrast between to actions
* "moreover" is not a coordinating conjunction, i.e.:
** it does not combine independent clauses
** is not equivalent to "but" or any of the seven "coordinating conjunctions" (also called FANBOYS)
* transitional adverbs include ''consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, therefore and thus''
click EXPAND for more on "moreover":
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
* while ''moreover'' makes a connection between two clauses, the relationship is semantic (the meaning of the words) and not grammatical
** therefore ''moreover'' is not a conjunction
* when using ''moreover'' between two independent clauses, use either a period or a semicolon, such as:
** "I was running late. Moreover, I forgot my wallet." or
** "I was running late; moreover, I forgot my wallet."
</div>
* sources:
** [https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2012/02/07/however/ However (arrantpedantry.com)]
** [https://perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/however-therefore-moreover-thus-common-mistakes.htm Correct Use of However, Therefore, Moreover (perfectyourenglish.com)]


=== only ===  
=== only ===  
* in general means a limit of, limit to, or lack of something
* in general, means a limit of, limit to, or lack of something
* definitions
* definitions
** adjective, just one, few of, or no other
** adjective, just one, few of, or no other
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** [https://www.wikihow.com/Use-the-Word-%22Only%22-Correctly Use the word only correct (Wikihow)]
** [https://www.wikihow.com/Use-the-Word-%22Only%22-Correctly Use the word only correct (Wikihow)]


== P-Q-R ==  
== P-Q-R ==
 
=== rather ===
 
* in general
** to create a contrast or exception
* conjunctive adverb
** instead of, etc. << to complete
* usage:
** rather is not a coordinating conjunction (FANBOY)
*** so it cannot combine two independent clauses
** to avoid using it as a coordinator, use it before the verb, as per
*** incorrect:
**** "It is not nice outside, rather it is rainy"
*** correct:
**** It is rainy rather than nice outside"
**** "Rather than nice outside, it is rainy"
**** "It is not nice outside; rather, it is rainy"
**** "The weather outside is rather rainy than nice"
 
== S-T-U ==
== S-T-U ==
=== since ===
=== since ===
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* in general
* in general
** indicates a purpose or reason for
** indicates a purpose or reason, an extent, or a confirmation of something
* adjective to mean "true"
** "that is so"
* adverb
* adverb
** in order to
** in order to
* conjunction
* conjunction
** as coordinating conjunction (combines independent clauses)
*** = "with the result that"
*** ''I'm ready, so let's go!''
** as subordinate conjunction
** = "in order that"
*** ''So I can get up on time, I will get good sleep''
* can also act as a pronoun:
** ''that is so''
*** here, "so" = a pronoun reference to another word or idea


=== such ===
=== such ===
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** refers to a previously stated word or idea
** refers to a previously stated word or idea
* ''such as''
* ''such as''
** = a subordinating conjunction
** = a prepositional phrase used to introduce an example (s)


=== than ===
=== than ===
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** [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/very very cambridge.org]
** [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/very very cambridge.org]


=== when ===  
=== when ===
 
* in general, indicates a relative moment, time or condition
* subordinating conjunction:
** ''I get up when I want.''
** ''Class ended when the bell rang''
* adverb:
** ''Since when you do you care?''
 
=== which ===
=== which ===
* in general: used to refer to a previously stated noun (thing or idea) to add information
* in general: used to refer to a previously stated noun (thing or idea) to add information
* pronoun
* pronoun
** refers to a thing/s
** refers to a thing/s (can be as a singular or plural pronoun)
*** not to a person, but can refer to a count of people, such as "which one of you..."
*** not to a person, but can refer to a count of people, such as "which one of you..."
* uses:  
* uses:  
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* objective form of "who"
* objective form of "who"
=== will ===
* in general, indicates the future
* as an <u>auxiliary verb</u> ("helping verb" )
** "will" creates the simple or continuous future tense of another verb
*** ''They will go there next week''
*** ''They will be going there next week''
** "will" as an interrogatory (indicates a question or inquiry)
*** ''Will they go next week?''
* as a <u>modal verb</u> (indicates desire, necessity or conditionality/possibility)
** ''They will go next week or else!''
** ''I will expect to see them there''
* as a <u>finite verb</u> (action verb)
** "will" means
*** to make something happen or someone do something
**** ''The test was hard, but I willed my way through it''
*** to bequeath (give after death)
**** ''He willed a family memento to her''
* as a <u>noun</u>
** mental fortitude or self-control
*** ''It was tempting to her, but she resisted as her will is strong''
** an intention or desire
*** ''They did it anyway against her will''
** what commands or ordains, esp. God
*** ''God's will be done''


== Y-Z ==
== Y-Z ==


=== yesterday ===
=== yesterday ===
** adverb or noun
* in general, an adverb or noun used to describe
*** usually used as an adverb
* ''adverb'' or ''noun''
** used specifically = the day before today
** also used to indicate "the past"
*** as in "Yesterday, things were better"
* usually used as an adverb
** as adverb: when used to indicate when an action happened, it is an adverb
** as adverb: when used to indicate when an action happened, it is an adverb
*** ex. "Yesterday I went to the park."
*** ex. "Yesterday I went to the park." ("yesterday describes/ modifies the verb "went")
** as noun: when used as a subject or object of a verb, it is a noun
*** or, "The big event happened yesterday" ("yesterday" describes/ modifies the verb "happened")
*** ex. "Yesterday was fun!"
** as noun: when used as a subject or object (of a verb or preposition) it is a noun
*** or, "I made extra sandwiches for tomorrow"
*** ex. "Yesterday was fun!" ("yesterday" is the subject of the linking verb "was")
** ''today, last week, tomorrow, next week, last month, last year'', etc. have similar grammatical forms to "yesterday" as adverb (usually) or noun
*** or, "He thought fondly on yesterday" ("yesterday" = object of the preposition "on")
* ''today, last week, tomorrow, next week, last month, last year'', etc. have similar grammatical forms to "yesterday" as adverb (usually) or noun
** ''later'' and ''now'' are adverbs
** ''later'' and ''now'' are adverbs
=== you ===
* in general, 2nd person singular or plural pronoun
** indicates a person or persons a speaker addresses
*** "Heh, you!"
*** "You look great!"
* ''pronoun''
** as singular pronoun, indicates one person being addressed or mentioned
** as plural pronoun, indicates more than one person being addressed or mentioned
* for origins of "you" in ''thee, thine, thou, ye'' see [[You origins (2nd person pronoun)]]
** that page contains a chart to explain the different cases of each
** shows their use in Shakespeare


== Categories ==
== Categories ==
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