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** [[Parts of speech]] | ** [[Parts of speech]] | ||
** [[SAT Writing]] | ** [[SAT Writing]] | ||
** [[Differences between words, phrases and idioms]] | |||
[[category:Grammar]] | [[category:Grammar]] | ||
[[category:SAT | [[category:Parts of Speech]] | ||
[[category:SAT verbal]] | |||
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<nowiki>=== entry format === | <nowiki>=== entry format === | ||
* in general ... | * in general ... | ||
* | * ''part of speech 1'' | ||
** word form 1 | ** word form 1 definition | ||
** synonyms: a, b, c | ** synonyms: a, b, c | ||
** word form 1 examples | ** word form 1 examples | ||
*** examples | *** examples | ||
** | * ''part of speech 2'' | ||
** definition | |||
** synonyms: a, b, c | ** synonyms: a, b, c | ||
** word form 2 examples | ** word form 2 examples | ||
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* see [[Parts of Speech]] entry | * see [[Parts of Speech]] entry | ||
* Parts of speech list: | * Parts of speech list: | ||
** adjective | ** adjective (includes determiners except articles) | ||
** adverb | ** adverb | ||
** article ( | ** article (a distinct form of determiner) | ||
** conjunction | ** conjunction | ||
** interjection | ** interjection | ||
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== A-B-C == | == A-B-C == | ||
=== although === | |||
* in general, although is used for: | |||
* Sources: | |||
** [https://www.wikihow.com/Use-Although-in-a-Sentence How to use although in a sentence (wikihow)] | |||
=== among === | |||
* in general, among is used for: | |||
** comparing things or people in general | |||
** comparing general groups of people or things | |||
** indicating a general physical or abstract position or space | |||
** ex.: "Among electronic gadgets, I prefer tablets the most" | |||
* ''preposition'' | |||
* note: difference between ''among'' and ''between'' | |||
** ''among'' indicates a commonality for comparison, either similar or distinct, but in general | |||
** ''between'' indicates a specific difference | |||
** think of the difference as between "many" and "much" | |||
*** much = for what cannot be counted (similar to among) | |||
*** many = for what can be counted (similar to between) | |||
* see: | |||
** [[https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-between-and-among Difference between between and among (askanydifference.com)]] | |||
=== any === | |||
* in general, to specify an certain amount or number of something | |||
** ''determiner'' | |||
** indicates an amount or number of something | |||
** i.e, "any" "determines" the amount of a noun | |||
** synonyms: ''some, a bit of, a part of'' | |||
** ex. "Are there any cookies left?" | |||
** frequently is used to indicate the absence of something | |||
*** ex. "I didn't get any dessert." | |||
* ''pronoun'' | |||
** indicates an amount (or absence of an amount) | |||
*** ex. "I went to the store to buy more cookies, but they didn't have any left" | |||
**** note that "more" is also a determiner | |||
** can also refer to a type or category of something | |||
*** ex. "That meteor is not of any known substance" | |||
=== as === | === as === | ||
* in general "as" is used | * in general "as" is used | ||
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** to show extent or degree ("As crazy as it seems" | ** to show extent or degree ("As crazy as it seems" | ||
** to accordance or a result ("Guilty as charged") | ** to accordance or a result ("Guilty as charged") | ||
* adverb | * ''adverb'' | ||
** "as" has an adverbial sense | ** "as" has an adverbial sense | ||
** as per Merriam-Webster: "usually used as a correlative after an adjective or adverb modified by adverbial as or so" [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"] | ** as per Merriam-Webster: "usually used as a correlative after an adjective or adverb modified by adverbial as or so" [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"] | ||
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*** "The lesson was as clear as the sky is blue" | *** "The lesson was as clear as the sky is blue" | ||
*** "He serves as a useful reference." | *** "He serves as a useful reference." | ||
* conjunction | * ''conjunction'' | ||
** for comparisons | ** for comparisons | ||
** | *** ex: | ||
*** "That bird was as big as a cat" | **** "That bird was as big as a cat" | ||
*** "That test was as hard as anything" | **** "That test was as hard as anything" | ||
*** note that "as" is not used for comparison when followed by a noun: | |||
**** "''The cold soccer ball is as a brick''" = incorrect | |||
***** correct = "''The cold soccer ball is like a brick''" | |||
**** but we do use it as an adverb: | |||
***** ''"The cold soccer ball is as hard as a brick"'' | |||
** showing simultaneous events | ** showing simultaneous events | ||
** | *** ex.: | ||
*** "As you get older, you grow more patient" | **** "As you get older, you grow more patient" | ||
*** "He dropped his phone as he got up" | **** "He dropped his phone as he got up" | ||
** showing the meaning or purpose of something | ** showing the meaning or purpose of something | ||
** | *** ex: | ||
*** "Exercise regularly, as it's good for your health" | **** "Exercise regularly, as it's good for your health" | ||
** identifying something in the same way | ** identifying something in the same way | ||
*** "Dogs such as mine, are the best" | *** ex.: | ||
*** synonymous in this sense with "like" | **** "Dogs such as mine, are the best" | ||
**** synonymous in this sense with "like" | |||
* preposition | * preposition | ||
** used to relate to a role, purpose, quality or condition | ** used to relate to a role, purpose, quality or condition | ||
** | *** ex: | ||
*** "As an attorney, she knows the law" | **** "As an attorney, she knows the law" | ||
*** as opposed to "Like an attorney..." ("like" there is making a comparison and not expressing a quality) | **** as opposed to "Like an attorney..." ("like" there is making a comparison and not expressing a quality) | ||
*** "The ball served as a focus point as we watched the game" | **** "The ball served as a focus point as we watched the game" | ||
* Sources: | * Sources: | ||
** [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/as Collins Dictionary "As"] | ** [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/as Collins Dictionary "As"] | ||
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** [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"] | ** [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/as Merriam-Webster.com "As"] | ||
besides | |||
* | * in general, "in addition, as well" | ||
** | ** accepts an idea and adds to or contrasts with it | ||
* adverb | |||
** compares two actions/ verbs/ ideas | |||
* | ** means "''in addition''," "''as well''" and "''and also''" | ||
** | *** ''I work hard, and, '''besides''', I play hard, too.'' | ||
** | |||
* | |||
** | |||
* preposition | * preposition | ||
* | ** creates a prepositional phrase with a noun | ||
*** '''''Besides hard work''', I play hard, too.'' | |||
=== between === | === between === | ||
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== D-E-F == | == D-E-F == | ||
=== early === | |||
* in general, to describe an event or occurrence that happens before an expected time | |||
* adverb form: | |||
** The student always arrives early" | |||
*** "early" here modifies the action (verb) "arrives" | |||
* as adjective: | |||
** ex. "Early afternoon the kids leave school" | |||
** or, "In early autumn it starts getting cooler" | |||
*** in these sentences, "early" describes the nouns "afternoon" and "autumn" | |||
* note that '''''late''''' operates the same, if opposite, as ''early'' | |||
== G-H-I == | == G-H-I == | ||
=== | === hard === | ||
* in general used to describe solid physical state or difficulty of something | * in general used to describe solid physical state or difficulty of something | ||
* definitions | * definitions | ||
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** source using [ ] | ** source using [ ] | ||
=== here === | |||
* in general, to indicate when or where an action takes place | |||
* definitions | |||
** adverb | |||
*** in, at, or to this place, position, or present moment | |||
**** "I live here" | |||
** imperative | |||
*** a command to pay attention or introduce a topic or thing | |||
**** "Here you go" | |||
**** "Here is your dish" | |||
** exclamation | |||
*** "Here, give it to me" | |||
*** "Here!" (to indicate presence or attendance) | |||
**** as opposed to "hear, hear!", which indicates agreement | |||
===however=== | |||
=== | |||
* adverb | * adverb | ||
* = a "transitional adverb" or "conjunctive adverb" | |||
* creates a contrast between to actions | |||
** can also be a "relative adverb" when it is synonymous with "whenever" or "whoever" | |||
*** or when it is used to introduce an adjective (or relative) clause (a clause that modifies or describes another word or sentence part) | |||
**** as in ''However you got here, I'm glad you made it!'' | |||
* "however: is not a coordinating conjunction, i.e.: | * "however: is not a coordinating conjunction, i.e.: | ||
** it does not combine independent clauses | ** it does not combine independent clauses | ||
** is not equivalent to "but" or any of the seven "coordinating conjunctions" (also called FANBOYS) | ** is not equivalent to "but" or any of the seven "coordinating conjunctions" (also called FANBOYS) | ||
* transitional or conjunctive adverbs include ''consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, therefore and thus'' | |||
* while ''however'' creates a contrast between two clauses, the relationship is semantic (the meaning of the words) and not grammatical | |||
* while ''however'' creates a contrast between two clauses | |||
** therefore ''however'' is not a conjunction | ** therefore ''however'' is not a conjunction | ||
* when using ''however'' between two independent clauses in order to contrast them, use either a period or a semicolon, such as: | * when using ''however'' between two independent clauses in order to contrast them, use either a period or a semicolon, such as: | ||
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** or: "However much English teachers don't like a sentence to start with ''however'', it's just fine to use it that way." | ** or: "However much English teachers don't like a sentence to start with ''however'', it's just fine to use it that way." | ||
** vs.: "It's just fine to use ''however'' at the beginning of a sentence, however much English teachers don't like it that way." | ** vs.: "It's just fine to use ''however'' at the beginning of a sentence, however much English teachers don't like it that way." | ||
* however uses: | |||
** introduces a clause: | |||
*** ''Climbing is fun. However, be careful!'' | |||
** creates or qualifies a contrast: | |||
*** ''However much you like it, it’s too expensive'' | |||
*** ''The committee, however, decided against it'' | |||
** expresses possibility | |||
***''She’s glad to help however she can'' | |||
** expresses wonder or lack of specificity | |||
***''However you did it, great job!'' = relative adverb | |||
* sources: | * sources: | ||
** [https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2012/02/07/however/ However (arrantpedantry.com)] | ** [https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2012/02/07/however/ However (arrantpedantry.com)] | ||
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== M-N-O == | == M-N-O == | ||
===moreover=== | |||
* in general, means "additionally" | |||
* adverb | |||
** = a "transitional adverb" | |||
** creates a contrast between to actions | |||
* "moreover" is not a coordinating conjunction, i.e.: | |||
** it does not combine independent clauses | |||
** is not equivalent to "but" or any of the seven "coordinating conjunctions" (also called FANBOYS) | |||
* transitional adverbs include ''consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, therefore and thus'' | |||
click EXPAND for more on "moreover": | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
* while ''moreover'' makes a connection between two clauses, the relationship is semantic (the meaning of the words) and not grammatical | |||
** therefore ''moreover'' is not a conjunction | |||
* when using ''moreover'' between two independent clauses, use either a period or a semicolon, such as: | |||
** "I was running late. Moreover, I forgot my wallet." or | |||
** "I was running late; moreover, I forgot my wallet." | |||
</div> | |||
* sources: | |||
** [https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2012/02/07/however/ However (arrantpedantry.com)] | |||
** [https://perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/however-therefore-moreover-thus-common-mistakes.htm Correct Use of However, Therefore, Moreover (perfectyourenglish.com)] | |||
=== only === | === only === | ||
* in general means a limit of, limit to, or lack of something | * in general, means a limit of, limit to, or lack of something | ||
* definitions | * definitions | ||
** adjective, just one, few of, or no other | ** adjective, just one, few of, or no other | ||
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** [https://www.wikihow.com/Use-the-Word-%22Only%22-Correctly Use the word only correct (Wikihow)] | ** [https://www.wikihow.com/Use-the-Word-%22Only%22-Correctly Use the word only correct (Wikihow)] | ||
== P-Q-R == | == P-Q-R == | ||
=== rather === | |||
* in general | |||
** to create a contrast or exception | |||
* conjunctive adverb | |||
** instead of, etc. << to complete | |||
* usage: | |||
** rather is not a coordinating conjunction (FANBOY) | |||
*** so it cannot combine two independent clauses | |||
** to avoid using it as a coordinator, use it before the verb, as per | |||
*** incorrect: | |||
**** "It is not nice outside, rather it is rainy" | |||
*** correct: | |||
**** It is rainy rather than nice outside" | |||
**** "Rather than nice outside, it is rainy" | |||
**** "It is not nice outside; rather, it is rainy" | |||
**** "The weather outside is rather rainy than nice" | |||
== S-T-U == | == S-T-U == | ||
=== since === | === since === | ||
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* in general | * in general | ||
** indicates a purpose or reason | ** indicates a purpose or reason, an extent, or a confirmation of something | ||
* adjective to mean "true" | |||
** "that is so" | |||
* adverb | * adverb | ||
** in order to | ** in order to | ||
* conjunction | * conjunction | ||
** as coordinating conjunction (combines independent clauses) | |||
*** = "with the result that" | |||
*** ''I'm ready, so let's go!'' | |||
** as subordinate conjunction | |||
** = "in order that" | |||
*** ''So I can get up on time, I will get good sleep'' | |||
* can also act as a pronoun: | |||
** ''that is so'' | |||
*** here, "so" = a pronoun reference to another word or idea | |||
=== such === | === such === | ||
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** refers to a previously stated word or idea | ** refers to a previously stated word or idea | ||
* ''such as'' | * ''such as'' | ||
** = a | ** = a prepositional phrase used to introduce an example (s) | ||
=== than === | === than === | ||
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=== that === | === that === | ||
* in general: | * in general: | ||
** | ** to add necessary (requisite) information ("those are the kind of shoes ''that'' hurt") | ||
** | ** definite pronoun reference ("Ouch, ''that'' rock is hard!") | ||
** relative pronoun that introduces a relative clause or phrase ("I read a book ''that was so long''" | |||
* determiner and conjunction: | * determiner and conjunction: | ||
** as a | ** the determiner "that" serves as a conjunction that introduces a relative clause that adds information to the main clause | ||
** since | *** thus "relative clause" | ||
** within a relative clause ''that'' acts as the object of the relative clause: | |||
*** ex. "I rode my bike up a hill ''that went on forever''" | |||
**** in the relative clause, ''that went on forever'', the word "that" = the subject of the verb "went" | |||
**** however, the main or independent clause = "I rode my bike" | |||
***** "that went on forever" adds additional information to the main clause | |||
** note that since "that" may add '''necessary''' or '''requisite''' information, no punctuation separates it and the relative clause it creates from the main clause: | |||
*** ex. "She said that she already did it" | *** ex. "She said that she already did it" | ||
****''= | ****''= that she already did it'' serves as the object of the S-V "she said" | ||
*** | **** since it is necessary or requisite for the sentence to make sense, it is a "restrictive relative clause" that is not separated from the main clause by puncutation | ||
***** generally, non-restrictive relative clauses, i.e., those that are not necessary for the sentence to make sense employ the word, "which" | |||
****** ex. "I rode my bike up a hill, which seemed like forever" | |||
******* in this case, the speaker is emphasizing riding the bike up the hill and then adding to it with the non-restrictive clause, "which seemed like forever" | |||
******* compare that to "I rode my bike up a hill ''that went on forever''" << the relative clause is necessary and acts to modify the "hill" | |||
* pronoun | * pronoun | ||
** that specifies | ** that specifies a noun, event, or idea already mentioned or known | ||
*** "That was really fun!" | *** "That was really fun!" | ||
** specifies a certain person or thing: | ** specifies a certain person or thing: | ||
*** ex., "That little boy was super happy." | *** ex., "That little boy was super happy." | ||
* adverb | |||
** "to such a degree" | |||
*** compares an extent of something | |||
*** ex. "I wouldn't go that far" | |||
** = "so", so that" or "in order to" | |||
*** "I swim that I come home hungry", which we would normally say as: | |||
**** "I swim hard so that I come home super hungry" | |||
== V-W-X == | == V-W-X == | ||
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** [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/very very cambridge.org] | ** [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/very very cambridge.org] | ||
=== when === | === when === | ||
* in general, indicates a relative moment, time or condition | |||
* subordinating conjunction: | |||
** ''I get up when I want.'' | |||
** ''Class ended when the bell rang'' | |||
* adverb: | |||
** ''Since when you do you care?'' | |||
=== which === | === which === | ||
* in general: used to refer to a previously stated noun (thing or idea) to add information | * in general: used to refer to a previously stated noun (thing or idea) to add information | ||
* pronoun | * pronoun | ||
** refers to a thing/s | ** refers to a thing/s (can be as a singular or plural pronoun) | ||
*** not to a person, but can refer to a count of people, such as "which one of you..." | *** not to a person, but can refer to a count of people, such as "which one of you..." | ||
* uses: | * uses: | ||
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** [https://thewordcounter.com/blog-comma-before-which/ Comma before which (thewordcounter.com)] | ** [https://thewordcounter.com/blog-comma-before-which/ Comma before which (thewordcounter.com)] | ||
=== | === while === | ||
* as a conjunction | * as a conjunction | ||
** = "during the time that" or "at the same time as" | ** = "during the time that" or "at the same time as" | ||
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** ex.: "she studied grammar for a while" | ** ex.: "she studied grammar for a while" | ||
=== | === whom === | ||
* objective form of "who" | |||
=== will === | |||
* in general, indicates the future | |||
* as an <u>auxiliary verb</u> ("helping verb" ) | |||
** "will" creates the simple or continuous future tense of another verb | |||
*** ''They will go there next week'' | |||
*** ''They will be going there next week'' | |||
** "will" as an interrogatory (indicates a question or inquiry) | |||
*** ''Will they go next week?'' | |||
* as a <u>modal verb</u> (indicates desire, necessity or conditionality/possibility) | |||
** ''They will go next week or else!'' | |||
** ''I will expect to see them there'' | |||
* as a <u>finite verb</u> (action verb) | |||
** "will" means | |||
*** to make something happen or someone do something | |||
**** ''The test was hard, but I willed my way through it'' | |||
*** to bequeath (give after death) | |||
**** ''He willed a family memento to her'' | |||
* as a <u>noun</u> | |||
** mental fortitude or self-control | |||
*** ''It was tempting to her, but she resisted as her will is strong'' | |||
** an intention or desire | |||
*** ''They did it anyway against her will'' | |||
** what commands or ordains, esp. God | |||
*** ''God's will be done'' | |||
== Y-Z == | == Y-Z == | ||
* ''' | === yesterday === | ||
** | * in general, an adverb or noun used to describe | ||
*** usually used as an adverb | * ''adverb'' or ''noun'' | ||
** used specifically = the day before today | |||
** also used to indicate "the past" | |||
*** as in "Yesterday, things were better" | |||
* usually used as an adverb | |||
** as adverb: when used to indicate when an action happened, it is an adverb | ** as adverb: when used to indicate when an action happened, it is an adverb | ||
*** ex. "Yesterday I went to the park." | *** ex. "Yesterday I went to the park." ("yesterday describes/ modifies the verb "went") | ||
** as noun: when used as a subject or object of a verb | *** or, "The big event happened yesterday" ("yesterday" describes/ modifies the verb "happened") | ||
*** ex. "Yesterday was fun!" | ** as noun: when used as a subject or object (of a verb or preposition) it is a noun | ||
*** or, " | *** ex. "Yesterday was fun!" ("yesterday" is the subject of the linking verb "was") | ||
* | *** or, "He thought fondly on yesterday" ("yesterday" = object of the preposition "on") | ||
* ''today, last week, tomorrow, next week, last month, last year'', etc. have similar grammatical forms to "yesterday" as adverb (usually) or noun | |||
** ''later'' and ''now'' are adverbs | |||
=== you === | |||
* in general, 2nd person singular or plural pronoun | |||
** indicates a person or persons a speaker addresses | |||
*** "Heh, you!" | |||
*** "You look great!" | |||
* ''pronoun'' | |||
** as singular pronoun, indicates one person being addressed or mentioned | |||
** as plural pronoun, indicates more than one person being addressed or mentioned | |||
* for origins of "you" in ''thee, thine, thou, ye'' see [[You origins (2nd person pronoun)]] | |||
** that page contains a chart to explain the different cases of each | |||
** shows their use in Shakespeare | |||
== Categories == | == Categories == |