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== AP Gov list of required Landmark Supreme Court cases == | == AP Gov list of required Landmark Supreme Court cases == | ||
* cases as listed by College Board for inclusion in AP US Gov exam | * cases as listed by College Board for inclusion in AP US Gov exam | ||
** <u>Note</u>: for 2023, '''''Roe v. Wade''' (1973)'' will NOT be included, as it was overturned by the recent ''''' | ** <u>Note</u>: for 2023, | ||
** see: [https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-united-states-government-and-politics/exam AP United States Government and Politics Exam – AP Central | College Board] | *** '''''Roe v. Wade''' (1973)'' will NOT be included, as it was overturned by the recent '''''Dobbs''''' (2022) decision | ||
* review of additional cases will yield greater student comprehension and | *** '''Lemon v. Kurtzman''' (1971 will NOT be included, as it was overturned by the recent '''''Kennedy''''' (2022) decision | ||
*** see: [https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-united-states-government-and-politics/exam AP United States Government and Politics Exam – AP Central | College Board] | |||
* review of additional cases will yield greater student comprehension and analytical skills for understanding, evaluating and applying constitutional and legal concepts and Court decisions. | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable " | {| class="wikitable sortable " | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
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* Miller v. Johnson (1995: addressed racial gerrymandering that had created a "geographic monstrosity" in order to have a black-majority of voters) | * [[wikipedia:Miller_v._Johnson|Miller v. Johnson]] (1995: addressed racial gerrymandering that had created a "geographic monstrosity" in order to have a black-majority of voters) | ||
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== AP US Gov Units / Learning Objectives re. Court Cases == | |||
In the above table, Landmark cases include categories for AP US Gov units and "Learning Objectives". These include: | |||
* '''Unit 1 Court Cases Learning Objectives (CON)''' | * '''Unit 1 Court Cases Learning Objectives (CON)''' | ||
** CON- | ** CON = "Constitutionalism" | ||
** CON-2: Federalism reflects the dynamic distribution of power between national and state governments | |||
*** 2.A. Describe the facts, reasoning, decision, and majority opinion of required Supreme Court cases | *** 2.A. Describe the facts, reasoning, decision, and majority opinion of required Supreme Court cases | ||
** | *** 2.B. Explain how the appropriate balance of power between national and state governments has been interpreted differently over time. | ||
** CON-3: The republican ideal in the U.S. is manifested in the structure and operation of the legislative branch. | ** CON-3: The republican ideal in the U.S. is manifested in the structure and operation of the legislative branch. | ||
** CON-4: | *** CON-3 C. Explain how congressional behavior is influenced by election processes, partisanship, and divided government. | ||
** CON-4: | |||
** CON-5: The design of the judicial branch protects the Supreme Court’s independence as a branch of government, and the emergence and use of judicial review remains a powerful judicial practice. | ** CON-5: The design of the judicial branch protects the Supreme Court’s independence as a branch of government, and the emergence and use of judicial review remains a powerful judicial practice. | ||
*** CON-5 A. Explain the principle of judicial review and how it checks the power of other institutions and state governments. | |||
* '''Unit 3 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (LOR)''' | * '''Unit 3 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (LOR)''' | ||
** LOR- | ** LOR = "Liberty and Order" | ||
** LOR | ** LOR-2: Provisions of the U.S. Constitution’s Bill of Rights are continually being interpreted to balance the power of government and the civil liberties of individuals. | ||
*** LOR 2.C. Explain the extent to which the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the First and Second Amendments reflects a commitment to individual libertY | |||
** LOR-3: Protections of the Bill of Rights have been selectively incorporated by way of the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause to prevent state infringement of basic liberties. | ** LOR-3: Protections of the Bill of Rights have been selectively incorporated by way of the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause to prevent state infringement of basic liberties. | ||
* | ** PRD = "(civic) Participation in a Representative Democracy" | ||
** PRD-1: The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause as well as other constitutional provisions have often been used to support the advancement of equality. | ** PRD-1: The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause as well as other constitutional provisions have often been used to support the advancement of equality. | ||
** PRD-2: The impact of federal policies on campaigning and electoral rules continues to be contested by both sides of the political spectrum. | ** PRD-2: The impact of federal policies on campaigning and electoral rules continues to be contested by both sides of the political spectrum. | ||
** PRD-3: | ** PRD-3: | ||
== Other Court Cases commonly assigned by AP US Government teachers == | == Other Court Cases commonly assigned by AP US Government teachers == | ||
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=== Ex parte Milligan === | === Ex parte Milligan === | ||
|1866 | |1866 | ||
| | |Chase | ||
|n/a | |n/a | ||
|''Can a military court try a citizen?'' | |''Can a military court try a citizen?''- prohibited use of military tribunals when civilian courts are available | ||
| | |''habeas corpus''(note that "ex parte" means "on behalf of", thus for a court in which a party to a suit is absent or not notified) | ||
| | | - During the Civil War, the Lincoln administration tried northern dissenters in military courts | ||
- Decision: "marial rule can never exist when the courts are open" and martial law operates only under "military operations, where war really prevails" | |||
| | | | ||
* [[wikipedia:Ex_parte_Merryman|Ex parte Merryman]] (1861 regarding suspemsion of habeas corpus) | |||
* [[wikipedia:Ex_parte_Quirin|Ex parte Quirin]] (1942 regarding military trial of German spies in the U.S.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
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|Warren | |Warren | ||
|n/a | |n/a | ||
| | |''Can a public accommodation (a business or other publicly available service) discriminate by race?''- racial discrimination | ||
- upheld Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 | |||
|Commerce clause | |Commerce clause | ||
equal protection | equal protection | ||
|( | | - prior desegregation cases focused on public facilities (buses, school), but this case involved a private entity, a motel. However, since a motel is a "public accommodation," i.e. open to the public, the Court upheld the terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination based on race, religion or national origin. | ||
| | | | ||
* ''[[wikipedia:Katzenbach_v._McClung|Katzenbach v. McClung]] (1964; upheld federal laws prohibiting racial discrimination in restraurants'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
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|Burger | |Burger | ||
|n/a | |n/a | ||
- this case was overturned in 2022 by [[wikipedia:Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District|Kennedy v. Bremerton School District]]) and so is no longer U.S. law and not on the AP US Gov test) | |||
|''Can a state fund teach pay for religious schools?'' | |''Can a state fund teach pay for religious schools?'' | ||
- government entanglement with religion | - government entanglement with religion | ||
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|Establishment clause | |Establishment clause | ||
(1st amendment) | (1st amendment) | ||
| | | - consolidated with a Rhode Island case that similarly tested validity of state compensation for religious school teachers | ||
- the "Lemon Test" resulted from this case, although ''Kennedy'' (2022) instructed lower courts to ignore the Lemon Test standard. | |||
- the Lemon Test proposed a "standard" for measuring legislative violation of the Establishment clause , including that the law must | |||
# have a secular purpose | |||
# neither advance nor inhibit religion | |||
# not create "excessive government entanglement" with religion, as measured by 1. nature and purpose of the institution; 2) nature of the state aid; 3) resulting relationship between the government and the religious institution | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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|Burger | |Burger | ||
|n/a | |n/a | ||
(removed from the AP Gov Test in 2022 due to '' | - this case was overturned by ''[[wikipedia:Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women's_Health_Organization|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]] (2022)'' and thus removed from the AP Gov Test in 2022 due to ''Dobbs'' decision) | ||
| - right to privacy | | - right to privacy | ||
- right to abortion | - right to abortion |