this entry includes skills, concepts and content for AP Human Geography

Human geography

  • = deeper understanding of human use of space, distance, localities and other interactions with the earth
  • includes:
    • resources
    • land use, including mining, farming, etc.
    • population
    • language
    • economies
    • urbanization
    • connections & intersections

Demography/ demographics

  • = study of human organizations and sub-categories for classification
    • including, age, employment, economics, ethnicity, location, race, religion, sex, social class, etc.

Demographic transition

Demographic transition overview, where "stage 5" is shown as unknown.

Five stages of demographic transition

  • theory of shifts in populations from high to low birth/death rates
    • driven by industrialization, globalism, and mechanized argriculture
  • these shifts happen in different places at different times
  • demographic analysis can be empowered by these categories

pre-Stage 1

  • pre-Agriculture or early agriculture (Neolithic)
  • hunter-gatherers
  • nomadic pastoral (herders)
  • low fertility rates
    • hunter-gatherer societies, women typically have babies every 4-5 years
  • stable population
Stage 1
  • marked by both high birth and death rates
  • pre-industrial agricultural period
  • high fertility rates
    • in pre-industrial agricultural societies, women typically have babies every 2 years
  • high birth rates coincident w/ high death rates
    • = stable population
    • = high birth rate for population replacement
  • most people involved in agriculture
    • includes herding, farming
  • population dependent upon food supply
    • susceptible to famines and environmental
      • susceptible = easily impacted by
Stage 2
  • falling death rates and ongoing high birth rates
  • = high population growth
  • declines in death rates due to
    • higher agricultural yields, due to
      • crop rotation
      • soil management
      • seed and seeding technologies
    • lower early-age death rates due to better hygiene
  • public health improvement due to
    • sewerage:
      • fresh water supply
      • sewage disposal
      • general better hygiene
  • ongoing high-birth rates due to dependence on agriculture
Stage 3
  • low death rates and lower birth rates
  • lower fertility
    • less need for farm labor
    • contraception
  • movement of women into workforce
    • more educational opportunities for women
  • urbanization
  • increase in literacy
  • decline in youth dependency ratio
    • leads to increasing population aging
Stage 4
  • lower death and birth rates
    • leads to decline in population growth
  • larger female integration into education and workplace and general independence
Stage 5
  • lower death rates and birth rates below replacement levels
    • sub-replacement fertility
  • population aging and decline
  • Stage 5 countries without immigration will have population declines

key terms

agriculture
  • food supply
  • soil management
  • irrigation
  • crop yields
  • seeds/ seed technology
  • genetic manipulation
  • mechanized agriculture
population
  • birth/death rate
    • fertility rate
    • mortality rate
  • fertility factors
  • contraception
  • population momentum
  • population aging
  • sub-replacement fertility
  • baby boom
  • urbanization
health conditions
  • hygiene
  • vaccinations
  • public health
  • sewers/ sewage treatment
  • disease
  • health care
age
    • age stratification
    • dependency ratio
    • working age population
  • dependent window
  • demographic dividend
  • demographic trap