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** connections & intersections | ** connections & intersections | ||
== Demography/ demographics == | |||
* = study of human organizations and sub-categories for classification | |||
** including, age, employment, economics, ethnicity, location, race, religion, sex, social class, etc. | |||
=== Demographic transition === | |||
[[File:Demographic-TransitionOWID.png|thumb|Demographic transition overview, where "stage 5" is shown as unknown.]] | |||
==== Five stages of demographic transition ==== | |||
* theory of shifts in populations from high to low birth/death rates | |||
** driven by industrialization, globalism, and mechanized argriculture | |||
* these shifts happen in different places at different times | |||
* demographic analysis can be empowered by these categories | |||
** | |||
==== pre-Stage 1 ==== | |||
* pre-Agriculture or early agriculture (Neolithic) | |||
* hunter-gatherers | |||
* nomadic pastoral (herders) | |||
* low fertility rates | |||
** hunter-gatherer societies, women typically have babies every 4-5 years | |||
* stable population | |||
===== Stage 1 ===== | |||
* marked by both high birth and death rates | |||
*pre-industrial agricultural period | |||
*high fertility rates | |||
**in pre-industrial agricultural societies, women typically have babies every 2 years | |||
*high birth rates coincident w/ high death rates | |||
**= stable population | |||
**= high birth rate for population replacement | |||
*most people involved in agriculture | |||
**includes herding, farming | |||
*population dependent upon food supply | |||
**susceptible to famines and environmental | |||
***susceptible = easily impacted by | |||
===== Stage 2 ===== | |||
* falling death rates and ongoing high birth rates | |||
* = high population growth | |||
* declines in death rates due to | |||
** higher agricultural yields, due to | |||
*** crop rotation | |||
*** soil management | |||
*** seed and seeding technologies | |||
** lower early-age death rates due to better hygiene | |||
* public health improvement due to | |||
** sewerage: | |||
*** fresh water supply | |||
*** sewage disposal | |||
*** general better hygiene | |||
* ongoing high-birth rates due to dependence on agriculture | |||
===== Stage 3 ===== | |||
* low death rates and lower birth rates | |||
* lower fertility | |||
** less need for farm labor | |||
** contraception | |||
* movement of women into workforce | |||
** more educational opportunities for women | |||
* urbanization | |||
* increase in literacy | |||
* decline in '''youth dependency ratio''' | |||
** leads to increasing population aging | |||
===== Stage 4 ===== | |||
* lower death and birth rates | |||
** leads to decline in population growth | |||
* larger female integration into education and workplace and general independence | |||
===== Stage 5 ===== | |||
* lower death rates and birth rates below replacement levels | |||
** '''sub-replacement fertility''' | |||
* population aging and decline | |||
* Stage 5 countries without immigration will have population declines | |||
==== key terms ==== | |||
===== agriculture ===== | |||
* food supply | |||
* soil management | |||
* irrigation | |||
* crop yields | |||
* seeds/ seed technology | |||
* genetic manipulation | |||
* mechanized agriculture | |||
===== population ===== | |||
* birth/death rate | |||
** fertility rate | |||
** mortality rate | |||
* fertility factors | |||
* contraception | |||
* population momentum | |||
* population aging | |||
* sub-replacement fertility | |||
* baby boom | |||
* urbanization | |||
===== health conditions ===== | |||
* hygiene | |||
* vaccinations | |||
* public health | |||
* sewers/ sewage treatment | |||
* disease | |||
* health care | |||
===== age ===== | |||
** age stratification | |||
** dependency ratio | |||
** working age population | |||
* dependent window | |||
* demographic dividend | |||
* demographic trap | |||
[[Category:Geography]] | [[Category:Geography]] |