Human geography: Difference between revisions

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-Including '''AP Human Geography'''
+this entry includes skills, concepts and content for '''AP Human Geography'''
+'''Human geography'''
+* = deeper understanding of human use of space, distance, localities and other interactions with the earth
+* includes:
+** resources
+** land use, including mining, farming, etc.
+** population
+** language
+** economies
+** urbanization
+** connections & intersections
+== Demography/ demographics ==
+* = study of human organizations and sub-categories for classification
+** including, age, employment, economics, ethnicity, location, race, religion, sex, social class, etc.
+=== Demographic transition ===
+[[File:Demographic-TransitionOWID.png|thumb|Demographic transition overview, where "stage 5" is shown as unknown.]]
+==== Five stages of demographic transition ====
+* theory of shifts in populations from high to low birth/death rates
+** driven by industrialization, globalism, and mechanized argriculture
+* these shifts happen in different places at different times
+* demographic analysis can be empowered by these categories
+**
+==== pre-Stage 1 ====
+* pre-Agriculture or early agriculture (Neolithic)
+* hunter-gatherers
+* nomadic pastoral (herders)
+* low fertility rates
+** hunter-gatherer societies, women typically have babies every 4-5 years
+* stable population
+===== Stage 1 =====
+* marked by both high birth and death rates
+*pre-industrial agricultural period
+*high fertility rates
+**in pre-industrial agricultural societies, women typically have babies every 2 years
+*high birth rates coincident w/ high death rates
+**= stable population
+**= high birth rate for population replacement
+*most people involved in agriculture
+**includes herding, farming
+*population dependent upon food supply
+**susceptible to famines and environmental
+***susceptible = easily impacted by
+===== Stage 2 =====
+* falling death rates and ongoing high birth rates
+* = high population growth
+* declines in death rates due to
+** higher agricultural yields, due to
+*** crop rotation
+*** soil management
+*** seed and seeding technologies
+** lower early-age death rates due to better hygiene
+* public health improvement due to
+** sewerage:
+*** fresh water supply
+*** sewage disposal
+*** general better hygiene
+* ongoing high-birth rates due to dependence on agriculture
+===== Stage 3 =====
+* low death rates and lower birth rates
+* lower fertility
+** less need for farm labor
+** contraception
+* movement of women into workforce
+** more educational opportunities for women
+* urbanization
+* increase in literacy
+* decline in '''youth dependency ratio'''
+** leads to increasing population aging
+===== Stage 4 =====
+* lower death and birth rates
+** leads to decline in population growth
+* larger female integration into education and workplace and general independence
+===== Stage 5 =====
+* lower death rates and birth rates below replacement levels
+** '''sub-replacement fertility'''
+* population aging and decline
+* Stage 5 countries without immigration will have population declines
+==== key terms ====
+===== agriculture =====
+* food supply
+* soil management
+* irrigation
+* crop yields
+* seeds/ seed technology
+* genetic manipulation
+* mechanized agriculture
+===== population =====
+* birth/death rate
+** fertility rate
+** mortality rate
+* fertility factors
+* contraception
+* population momentum
+* population aging
+* sub-replacement fertility
+* baby boom
+* urbanization
+===== health conditions =====
+* hygiene
+* vaccinations
+* public health
+* sewers/ sewage treatment
+* disease
+* health care
+===== age =====
+** age stratification
+** dependency ratio
+** working age population
+* dependent window
+* demographic dividend
+* demographic trap
 [[Category:Geography]]