Grimm's law

  • from Jacob Grimm, of the "Brothers Grimm"
  • a "law" or rule for sound changes from original Proto-Indo-European language to modern descendent languages

Brothers Grimm

  • collected and published old or traditional Germanic fairy tales and stories
    • a collector of traditional stories is called a "folklorist"
  • Wilhelm & Jacob Grimm wrote "Grimms' Fairy Tales"

Jacob Grimm

  • Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (1785–1863)
    • started a comprehensive German dictionary
    • wrote treatise on German mythology
    • his observations on "sound shifts" is considered the key development into the study of linguistics

Unification of Germany

  • Grimm was concerned with development of a common German identity
    • so his work was purposefully aimed at creating that identity
    • the movement is called "German nationalism" for the creation of a German "nation"
  • until the late 19th century, Germany was divided into states, principalities and subordinate regions to other European powers
    • much of southern Germany was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire
    • and eastern Germany was either part of or owned parts of Poland and Bohemia (modern Czech and Slovakia)
    • in the 18th century, the northern German kingdom of Prussia was formed in 1701
    • following the defeat of Napoleon, the "German Confederation" was formed (1815)
      • was a loose joining of 39 independent states, with the Emperor of Austria as its president
    • in 1866, Prussia defeated the Austrians and created a separate North German Confederation
    • following the German defeat of France in 1870 ("Franco-Prussian War"), the German Empire was declared (1871)
      • the King of Prussia, William I was declared Kaiser (from "Caesar") with Berlin as its capital

Grimm's law

  • Jacob Grimm was not the first to notice the sound shifts in related European languages
    • however, he was the first to comprehensibly track them
    • he thus constructed a larger theory and set of rules governing those shifts
  • Grimm observed three "phases" of sound changes (called by linguists, a "chain shift")
    • the sound shifts are related to how a sound is made by breath and tongue placement
  • Grimm's law concerns "mechanics" of speech
    • i.e., the way the sound is formed
    • for example,
      • "P" is spoken by closing the lips and breathing out
      • "F" is spoken by closing the top front teeth upon the bottom lip (while not closing the top lip)
Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png
Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia

Indo-European languages

  • the shifts that Grimm tracked are derived from a common origin language, proto-Indo-European (PIE)
    • "proto" means original or precursor (came before) as in a "prototype"
  • the PIE people started in central Eurasia, likely just north of the Black and Caspian seas, starting approx. 3,000 BC
    • they were nomadic herders & raiders
    • having domesticated horses they were highly mobile and successful at war
    • PIE was probably a common language in those areas between 4500 and 2500 BC
  • as the original PIE speakers spread across Eurasia the languages they spoke became regionalized
    • i.e., as they spread apart, they started pronouncing words differently from one another
  • note: English is a Germanic language
    • Old English was entirely Germanic
    • Middle and Modern English are from the combination of Old English with French, Latin & Greek
  • see Indo-European word origins

Cognates

  • "cognate" means "related" or "connected"
  • as an adjective, "cognate" indicates that a word is related to or shifted from another word
    • as in, "The English word 'Father' is cognate with the Latin word 'Pater'"
  • as a noun cognate means something related, and in linguistics, a word that is related to another word
    • as in, "The English word 'Father is a cognate to the Latin word 'Pater'"
  • the below examples show:
    • a modern English word
    • it's origin in PIE (the proto-Indo-European language)
    • the Latin cognate from the PIE original
    • the German cognate, from which English was derived

"P" to "F" sound

  • father
    • PIE: phter
    • Latin: pater
    • proto-Germanic: fader

Click EXPAND for more "P" to "F" sound shifts

  • foot
    • PIE: pods
    • Greek: pous
    • Latin: ped
    • proto Germanic: fot (pronounced "fott")
  • fish
    • PIE: pisk
    • Latin: pisces
    • proto-Germanic: fiskaz
  • fire
    • PIE: paewr
    • Latin: pyre
    • proto-Germanic: fur

"D" to "T" sound

  • ten
    • PIE: dekmt
    • Latin: decim (in Latin the "C" is pronounced like a hard "K", so "decim" is pronounced "dekim"
    • prot-Germanic: tehun

"K" to "Hw" sound

  • who
    • PIE: kwo
    • Latin: quid
    • proto-Germanic: hwas
  • what
    • PIE: *kʷód or kwo
    • Latin: quod
    • proto-Germanic: hwat

"T" to "Th" sound

  • three (soft "Th")
  • PIE: tryes (hard "T")
  • Latin: tres
  • proto-Germanic: thrijiz

"B" to "P" sound

  • apple
    • PIE: h₂ébōl or ab(e)l (w/ "B" sound)
    • Latin: n/a (pommum)
    • proto-Germanic: ap(a)laz

"Bh" to "B" sound

  • = aspirated "Bh" or soft "beh" to hard "B"
  • brother
    • PIE: bʰréh₂tēr (likely pronounced "Bhe-re-ter")
    • Latin: frater ("Br" to "Fr" shift)
    • proto-Germanic: brothar

"Dh" to "D" sound

  • aspirated "Dh" or soft "deh" to hard "D"
    • mead (a drink made of honey)
      • PIE: médʰu (likely pronounced "mehd-hoo")
      • Latin: mel
      • proto-Germanic: meduz

"Gh" to "G" sound

  • goose
  • aspirated "Gh" or soft-"geh" to hard "G"
    • PIE: ǵʰans-
    • Latin: anser or hanser
    • prot-Germanic: gans (with hard "G" sound)

"Gw" to "Kw" sound

  • quick
    • PIE: gʷih₃wós (or "alive")
    • Latin: vita
    • proto-German: kwi(k)waz