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Grimm's law: Difference between revisions
→"Gh" to "G" sound
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** the movement is called "German nationalism" for the creation of a German "nation" | ** the movement is called "German nationalism" for the creation of a German "nation" | ||
* until the late 19th century, Germany was divided into states, principalities and subordinate regions to other European powers | * until the late 19th century, Germany was divided into states, principalities and subordinate regions to other European powers | ||
** much of southern Germany was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire | |||
** and eastern Germany was either part of or owned parts of Poland and Bohemia (modern Czech and Slovakia) | |||
** in the 18th century, the northern German kingdom of Prussia was formed in 1701 | ** in the 18th century, the northern German kingdom of Prussia was formed in 1701 | ||
** following the defeat of Napoleon, the "German Confederation" was formed (1815) | ** following the defeat of Napoleon, the "German Confederation" was formed (1815) | ||
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*** "F" is spoken by closing the top front teeth upon the bottom lip (while not closing the top lip) | *** "F" is spoken by closing the top front teeth upon the bottom lip (while not closing the top lip) | ||
[[File:Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png|thumb|Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia|alt=Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png]] | |||
==Indo-European languages == | ==Indo-European languages == | ||
* the shifts that Grimm tracked are derived from a common origin language, proto-Indo-European ('''PIE''') | |||
* the shifts that Grimm tracked are derived from a common origin language, proto-Indo-European (PIE) | ** "proto" means original or precursor (came before) as in a "prototype" | ||
* the PIE people started in central Eurasia, likely just north of the Black and Caspian seas, starting approx. 3,000 BC | * the PIE people started in central Eurasia, likely just north of the Black and Caspian seas, starting approx. 3,000 BC | ||
** they were nomadic herders & raiders | ** they were nomadic herders & raiders | ||
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* as the original PIE speakers spread across Eurasia the languages they spoke became regionalized | * as the original PIE speakers spread across Eurasia the languages they spoke became regionalized | ||
** i.e., as they spread apart, they started pronouncing words differently from one another | ** i.e., as they spread apart, they started pronouncing words differently from one another | ||
* note: English is a Germanic language | |||
** Old English was entirely Germanic | |||
** Middle and Modern English are from the combination of Old English with French, Latin & Greek | |||
* see [[Indo-European word origins]] | * see [[Indo-European word origins]] | ||
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* as an adjective, "cognate" indicates that a word is related to or shifted from another word | * as an adjective, "cognate" indicates that a word is related to or shifted from another word | ||
** as in, "The English word 'Father' is cognate with the Latin word 'Pater'" | ** as in, "The English word 'Father' is cognate with the Latin word 'Pater'" | ||
* as a noun cognate means something related, in | * as a noun cognate means something related, and in linguistics, a word that is related to another word | ||
** as in, "The English word 'Father is a cognate to the Latin word 'Pater'" | ** as in, "The English word 'Father is a cognate to the Latin word 'Pater'" | ||
* the below examples show: | |||
** a modern English word | |||
** it's origin in PIE (the proto-Indo-European language) | |||
** the Latin cognate from the PIE original | |||
** the German cognate, from which English was derived | |||
=== "P" to "F" sound === | === "P" to "F" sound === | ||
* " | * '''father''' | ||
** PIE: ''phter'' | |||
* | ** Latin: ''pater'' | ||
* | ** proto-Germanic: ''fader'' | ||
Click EXPAND for more "P" to "F" sound shifts | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
* '''foot''' | |||
** PIE: ''pods'' | |||
** Greek: ''pous'' | |||
** Latin: ''ped'' | |||
** proto Germanic: ''fot'' (pronounced "fott") | |||
* '''fish''' | |||
** PIE: ''pisk'' | |||
** Latin: ''pisces'' | |||
** proto-Germanic: ''fiskaz'' | |||
* '''fire''' | |||
** PIE: ''paewr'' | |||
** Latin: ''pyre'' | |||
** proto-Germanic: ''fur'' | |||
</div> | |||
=== "D" to "T" sound === | === "D" to "T" sound === | ||
* | * '''ten''' | ||
** PIE: ''dekmt'' | |||
** Latin: ''decim'' (in Latin the "C" is pronounced like a hard "K", so "decim" is pronounced "dekim" | |||
** prot-Germanic: ''tehun'' | |||
=== "K" to " | === "K" to "Hw" sound === | ||
* | * '''who''' | ||
** PIE: ''kwo'' | |||
** Latin: ''quid'' | |||
** proto-Germanic: ''hwas'' | |||
* '''what''' | |||
** PIE: ''*kʷód'' or ''kwo'' | |||
** Latin: ''quod'' | |||
** proto-Germanic: ''hwat'' | |||
=== "T" to "Th" sound=== | === "T" to "Th" sound=== | ||
* | * '''three''' (soft "Th") | ||
* PIE: ''tryes'' (hard "T") | |||
* Latin: ''tres'' | |||
* proto-Germanic: ''thrijiz'' | |||
=== "B" to "P" sound=== | === "B" to "P" sound=== | ||
* | * '''apple''' | ||
** PIE: ''h₂ébōl'' or ''ab(e)l'' (w/ "B" sound) | |||
** Latin: n/a (''pommum'') | |||
** proto-Germanic: ''ap(a)laz'' | |||
=== "Bh" to " | === "Bh" to "B" sound=== | ||
* aspirated "Bh" or soft "beh" to hard "B" | * = aspirated "Bh" or soft "beh" to hard "B" | ||
** | * '''brother''' | ||
** PIE: ''bʰréh₂tēr'' (likely pronounced "''Bhe-re-ter''") | |||
** Latin: ''frater'' ("Br" to "Fr" shift) | |||
** proto-Germanic: brothar | |||
=== "Dh" to " | === "Dh" to "D" sound=== | ||
* aspirated "Dh" or soft "deh" to hard "D" | * aspirated "Dh" or soft "deh" to hard "D" | ||
** | ** '''mead''' (a drink made of honey) | ||
*** PIE: médʰu (likely pronounced "''mehd-hoo''") | |||
*** Latin: ''mel'' | |||
*** proto-Germanic: meduz | |||
=== "Gh" to "G" sound=== | === "Gh" to "G" sound=== | ||
* '''goose''' | |||
* aspirated "Gh" or soft-"geh" to hard "G" | * aspirated "Gh" or soft-"geh" to hard "G" | ||
** | ** PIE: ǵʰans- | ||
** Latin: ''anser'' or ''hanser'' | |||
** prot-Germanic: ''gans'' (with hard "G" sound) | |||
=== "Gw" to "Kw" sound === | |||
* '''quick''' | |||
** PIE: gʷih₃wós (or "alive") | |||
** Latin: ''vita'' | |||
** proto-German: ''kwi(k)waz'' | |||