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Geography vocabulary (view source)

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* for bullets
* for bullets
* '''>''' for bullets with bold
* '''>''' for bullets with bold
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* Click EXPAND to see list of important >>
* Click EXPAND to see list of important >>
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* canals provide important water passage to connect water bodies that would otherwise require long-distance water travel around land bodies or continents
* canals provide important water passage to connect water bodies that would otherwise require long-distance water travel around land bodies or continents
** usually canals are built across isthmuses  
** usually canals are built across isthmuses  
* Click EXPAND to see list of important canals
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* Bahr Yussef
* Bahr Yussef
** connects the Nile to the Faiyum Oasis and Lake Moeris, built 2300 BC
** connects the Nile to the Faiyum Oasis and Lake Moeris, built 2300 BC
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* Suez Canal
* Suez Canal
* Panama Canal
* Panama Canal
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* Click EXPAND to see list of important canals


=== channel ===
=== channel ===
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=== delta ===
=== delta ===
=== geyser ===
[[File:Geyser animation.gif|thumb|A cross-section of a geyser in action]]
* an underground water source that is intermittently ejected into the air above the surface as steam
* geysers exist near active volcanic regions
** whose proximity of magma heats rocks that boil the ground water, usually at depths of 6,600 ft
*** as the water boils, it builds pressure and intermittently erupts as steam and water out of the ground
*** the ground water then refills and repeats the process of heating and exploding
=== gulf ===
=== gulf ===
=== lake ===
=== lake ===
* "terminal lake" = lakes that have no outflow are called
** terminal lakes occur in basins and drains
=== ocean ===
=== ocean ===
=== sea ===
=== sea ===
=== spring ===
* to do
* epicontinental sea
** = sea levels above continental shelfs, thus 400 ft or above sea level
=== strait ===
=== strait ===
* a narrow body of water that connects larger bodies of water, or, a narrow channel that separates land masses
* a narrow body of water that connects larger bodies of water, or, a narrow channel that separates land masses
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click EXPAND to see list of important straits:
click EXPAND to see list of important straits:
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* important straits and channels
* important straits and channels
* '''Bosporus Strait'''  
* '''Bosporus Strait'''  
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*** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait Strait (wiki)]]
*** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait Strait (wiki)]]
*** [[https://www.morethanshipping.com/the-worlds-top-10-strategic-straits-and-channels Top 10 Straits and Channels (morethanshipping.com)]]
*** [[https://www.morethanshipping.com/the-worlds-top-10-strategic-straits-and-channels Top 10 Straits and Channels (morethanshipping.com)]]
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** this list is derived from ** See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_lengthList of rivers by length (wiki)]]
** this list is derived from ** See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_lengthList of rivers by length (wiki)]]
*** which measures total length of river systems (i.e., includes tributaries)
*** which measures total length of river systems (i.e., includes tributaries)
* Click EXPAND to see list of the ten longest rivers
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* 1. '''Nile''' (Africa; flows into Mediterranean Sea)
* 1. '''Nile''' (Africa; flows into Mediterranean Sea)
* 2.  '''Amazon''' (South America; flows into Atlantic Ocean)
* 2.  '''Amazon''' (South America; flows into Atlantic Ocean)
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* 10.  '''Amur''' (northern-central Asia, flows into the Sea of Okhost, part of the Pacific Ocean)
* 10.  '''Amur''' (northern-central Asia, flows into the Sea of Okhost, part of the Pacific Ocean)
* See also [[https://www.wonderslist.com/top-10-largest-rivers/ Top 10 Largest Rivers in the world]]
* See also [[https://www.wonderslist.com/top-10-largest-rivers/ Top 10 Largest Rivers in the world]]
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* Click EXPAND to see list of the ten longest rivers
=== stream ===


=== oasis ===
=== oasis ===
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See also:
See also:
* Hydrology / water cycle
* Hydrology / water cycle
*  
*
 
=== sink ===
* the lowest point in a "drain" that the collects water that has no outflow from the drain
* the waterflow in a drain or to a sink does not flow outside of that region
* usually a lake or a swamp
* may evaporate, such as the Great Salt Lake
 
=== stream ===
 
== atmosphere ==
== atmosphere ==
=== winds ===
=== winds ===
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=== basin ===
=== basin ===
* a land depression in an area or region which has no outflow of water
** i.e., all the rivers and other water sources are contained within it
** and none of those waters flow into an ocean
** instead, the water flows into a "drain", usually a lake or swamp region
click EXPAND for important basins
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* '''the Great Basin''', western United States
** "basin" = lowlands between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada
** there is no waterflow exiting the Great Basin
** the Great Salt Lake is one of three major drains n the Great Basin
*** called a "terminal lake"
*** it is the 8th largest in the world
* '''Okavango Delta''', Botswana, Africa
** a swampy, inland delta region that collects rain and water flow of the Okavango River (4th longest river system in Africa)
** it is a "delta" because the river splits into different channels as it empties into the basin
** the water levels are seasonal
** the Okavango Delta is an important home to wildlife, especially elephants, rhinos, lions and leopards
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=== butte ===
=== butte ===
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* Click EXPAND for a list of important capes:
* Click EXPAND for a list of important capes:
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* '''Cape Canaveral''' - Florida
* '''Cape Canaveral''' - Florida
* '''Cape Cod''' - Massachusetts  
* '''Cape Cod''' - Massachusetts  
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* '''Cape Three Forks''' - Morocco
* '''Cape Three Forks''' - Morocco
* ''' Cape Vert''' - Senegal; the westernmost point of Africa
* ''' Cape Vert''' - Senegal; the westernmost point of Africa
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* See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_(geography)#List_of_some_well-known_capes List of Well Known Capes (wiki)]]
* See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_(geography)#List_of_some_well-known_capes List of Well Known Capes (wiki)]]
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* click on EXPAND to see list of Continents
* click on EXPAND to see list of Continents
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* ordered by size, largest to smallest:
* ordered by size, largest to smallest:
* '''Asia'''
* '''Asia'''
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* '''Europe'''
* '''Europe'''
* '''Australia'''
* '''Australia'''
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* disputed continents
* disputed continents
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* click EXPAND for more on definition of Europe as a continent
* click EXPAND for more on definition of Europe as a continent
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*** to the ancient Greeks, Europe was the "Land of the West"
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*** and Asia was the "Land of the East:  
* to the ancient Greeks, Europe was the "Land of the West"
*** and Africa was called "Libya"
* and Asia was the "Land of the East:  
** as a continent, Europe is divided from Asia by
* and Africa was called "Libya"
*** Ural Mountains (in Russia)
* as a continent, Europe is divided from Asia by
*** Bosporus Strait (at Constantinople, Turkey)
** Ural Mountains (in Russia) and
** Bosporus Strait (at Constantinople, Turkey)
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=== drain ===
* a lowland area that collects water that has no outflows to the ocean
* technically an "Endorheic basin"
* the "sink" is the actual low point in which water is collected
=== Endorheic v. exorheic ===
* describes lakes, lowlands or regions in which water either
** has no outflow = ''endorheic''
** has an outflow = ''exorheic''
* these terms can describe regions, lakes, swamps
* basins that have subsurface (underground) water flow that leads to an ocean are called "cryptorheic basins"
=== gorge ===
=== gorge ===
* another name for '''canyon''' (see above)
* another name for '''canyon''' (see above)
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=== mountain ===
=== mountain ===
=== nunatak ===
[[File:Starr Nunatak-Antarctica.jpg|thumb|Starr Nunatak, on the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica]]
* a landform protruding above a glacier
=== peninsula ===
=== peninsula ===
=== plateau ===
=== plateau ===
=== prairie ===
* large flat ecological area dominated by grasses
* and with a temperate (moderate) climate and mild rainfall
* may have trees but does not have forests
=== range ===
* as in "mountain range"
* a series of connected or inter-connected mountains
* that are geologically similar
=== steppe ===
* large flat grasslands
* generally dry and at higher elevations than prairies
=== tectonic plates===
=== tectonic plates===
* large geological "plates" of rock that underly the surface of the earth
* plates move over time (long periods)
* non-volcanic mountain ranges are the result of crashing plates
** as one plate will force itself under or over the other, thus causing the earth to rise into mountains
*** such as the Himalaya Mountains
=== trench ===
=== trench ===
* '''trench'''
* '''trench'''
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=== volcano ===
=== volcano ===


* formed when magma from below breaks through the earth's crust
** when that happens, lava, ash, and gasses escape from the earth's hot mantle
** as lava accumulates and hardens, volcanic mountains, below and above the seas form
* two principle of volcanos:
** conical volcano
*** the most common type of volcano with high walls and a cone at the top
*** built up by layers (or "strata") of lava and other airborne, solid "fragments" of ash and cinders
*** in a conical volcano the lava flow hardens before spreading far
**** stratovolcano (or composite volcano from layers of lava flows), spatter cone (from a lava fountain)
**** see also cinder, rootless, and tuff cones: Volcanic cone - Wikipedia
** shield volcanos
*** the lava flows outward and the volcano does not build up like a conical volcano
* there are various types of volcanic eruptions
* the earth's crust itself is originally built of lava
** = "igneous rock"
*** "igeneous" is from ''ignis'', Latin for "fire"
*** other rock types:
**** sedimentary = layered minerals and organic material
**** metamorphic = new rock types formed by pressure and heat of existing rocks
* breaks in the earth's crust are caused by [[File:World Distribution of Mid-Oceanic Ridges.gif|thumb|World distribution of mid-oceanic ridges]]
** shifts in and colliding of tectonic plates
** thus places where the plates are either separating for converging, such as:
*** separating = mid-oceanic ridges, which surround several of the continents, including:
**** Mid-Atlantic ridge from Greenland to southern Atlantic, in the center of the Atlantic Ocean
**** Pacific ridges, which extend from Baha California south and east, below Australia and connecting with the mid-Oceanic ridges of the Indian Ocean
*** converging (crashing into one another), such as:
**** the "Ring of Fire"
** weakening or thinning of the crust, such as:
*** East African Rift
*** Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field in British Columbia, Canada
*** Rio Grande Rift: from below the Colorado Plateau to the northern border of Mexico, covering most of New Mexico and parts of Arizona
**** note: the eastern edge of the Rio Grande Rift forms the North-South vertical portion of the New Mexico-Texas natural border
* Sources:
* Sources:
* [[https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/landform/ Landform (National Geographic)]]
* [[https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/landform/ Landform (National Geographic)]]
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* 6 or 7 continents
* 6 or 7 continents
* 12 regions
* 12 regions
=== Physiographic regions ===
* a taxonomy of geological regions dividing them into
** Landmass
*** Region/Division
**** Province
***** Section
* see:
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_physiographic_regions_of_the_world List of physiographic regions of the world (wikipedia)]
** [https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/physio.xml Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S. (USGS)]
** [http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Physiographic_regions_of_the_world Physiographic regions of the world (GIS.com)]


=== Geoscheme regions ===
=== Geoscheme regions ===
* classification of regions per continent
* classification of regions per continent
** the United Nations uses "geoscheme" system to define major world regions
** the United Nations uses "geoscheme" system to define major world regions
* See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_physiographic_regions_of_the_world List of Physiographic Regions per continent (wiki)]]
* see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme United_Nations_geoscheme (wikipedia)]
** below are listed the geoscheme regions per continent:
** below are listed the geoscheme regions per continent


=== Americas ===
=== Americas ===
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* Western Europe
* Western Europe
* Scandinavia
* Scandinavia
* Europe is also classified according to
** ethnicity
** language
** religion


=== Other major regions terminology ===
=== Other major regions terminology ===
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* Micronesia
* Micronesia
* Polynesia
* Polynesia
* List of independent nations of Oceania:
'''Click EXPAND for a list of independent nations of Oceana'''
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* Australia
* Australia
* East Timor
* East Timor
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* Also:
* Also:
** Cook Islands and Niue are "associated states" with New Zealand
** Cook Islands and Niue are "associated states" with New Zealand
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* '''Click EXPAND to see list of independent nations of Oceana'''
 
* See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania (wiki)]]
* See [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania (wiki)]]


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=== ===  
=== ===  


== Geography Fun Facts & Oddities ==
== Human populations ==
See also:
=== Language groups ===
* [[Geography Bee
[[File:Primary Human Languages Improved Version.png|thumb|Contemporary distribution (2005 map) of the world's major language families (in some cases geographic groups of families). This map includes only primary families i.e. branches are excluded.
* [[Geography fun facts & oddities]]
For greater detail, see Distribution of languages on Earth.]]
* there are 15 major language families in the world
** each of these major groups have sub-groups of distinct languages
** there are 7,111 languages in the world
[[File:Primary Human Language Families Map.png|thumb|Principal language families of the world (and in some cases geographic groups of families). For greater detail, see Distribution of languages in the world.]]
* there are also many other distinct languages (see map)
* see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_families List of language families (wikipedia)]
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