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Domestication of plants and animals: Difference between revisions
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'''Domestication of | '''Domestication of plants and animals''' | ||
Article purpose: | |||
* | * domestication of plants and animals as transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic | ||
* | * sedentary lifestyle as preceding and not necessarily the result of that transition from paleolithic to neolithic | ||
* | * domestication across time and space, including | ||
** dogs | ** dogs | ||
** horses | ** horses | ||
** grasses | ** grasses | ||
** tubers | ** tubers (enlarged, fleshy stem, usually underground of plants such as carrots, potatoes, yams) | ||
todo: | todo: | ||
* see Lil J p. 236 on 3 advantages of Fertile Crescent | |||
* break into separate articles for plants and animals | |||
== Domestication etymology == | |||
* "domestication" | |||
** = act of taming, breeding, controlling plants and animals | |||
** from ''domestic'' ("or or for the house") + ''-ation'' (making of) | |||
*** = making something of the house (home) | |||
*** from Latin ''domus for house, household, home'' | |||
**** from [[PIE proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] '''*dem-''' meaning the same | |||
* definitions and uses of the word "domestic" | |||
** ''domestic'' (noun) | |||
*** a person who works in a house or home, generally for cleaning, cooking, child care | |||
*** a locally or nationally made product (not made overseas) | |||
** ''domestic'' (adj) | |||
*** related to the household | |||
**** as in "domestic chores" or "domestic life" | |||
*** related, from, or made in a country | |||
**** as in "the domestic economy" or "domestic production" | |||
*** an animal kept in a house | |||
* ''domesticated'' | |||
** past participle adjective | |||
** = "having been tamed" | |||
*** generally for animals | |||
** or having been brought into a home or household | |||
== Domestication origins timeline == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Domestication of Animals Timeline | |||
!20,000 BC | |||
!10,000 BC | |||
!5,000 BC | |||
!2,000 BC | |||
!1 AD | |||
!1000 AD | |||
!1500 AD | |||
|- | |||
|'''dogs''' domestication dates uncertain, perhaps between 25,000 and 12,000 BC | |||
|'''cattle, goats, pigs, sheep''' domesticated in the Fertile Cresent (Mideast) | |||
|'''pigs''' domesticated in Southeast Asia approx. 6,000 BC | |||
|'''chickens''' domesticated in East Asia approx. 2,000 BC | |||
|'''turkey''' domesticated in North America approx. 200-500 AD | |||
|'''camels''' used in trans-Saharan trade by 600'/700s AD | |||
|spread of animals from Eurasia and Africa to the Americas, including '''horses, cattle, chickens, pigs, sheep''', etc. | |||
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|'''cattle''' | |||
domesticated in South Asia (in modern Pakistan) approx. 8,000 BC | |||
|'''horses''' first domesticated for milk approx. 4,000 BC; likely used for transportation approx. 3,500-3000 BC in central Asia | |||
|'''donkey''' domesticated in East Africa approx. 3,000-4,000 BC (were used Egypt by 2600-2800 BC and in the Middle East by 1800 BC) | |||
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|'''cats''' may have been domesticated in Egypt approx. 3,000 BC | |||
|'''turkey''' domesticated in Mesoamerica approx. 1,000 BC | |||
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|'''camels''' domesticated in Central Asia approx. 2500 BC (and in Middle East approx. 900 BC) | |||
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== Domestication of animals == | |||
* domestication of animals is distinct (different) from <u>'''taming'''</u> | |||
** taming = conditioning or changing the behavior of a wild animal to accept human presence | |||
** taming does not involve genetic modification via breeding | |||
* an animal is "domesticated" when traits are "selected for" by humans through breeding | |||
=== domesticated animal traits === | |||
* imprinting | |||
=== Camel === | |||
* originated in North America 40-50 million years ago, and spread to Asia | |||
* wild camels were killed off in the Americas by humans during early arrival periods to North America (Native Americans) | |||
* domesticated in central Asia approx. 2,500 BC | |||
* were in use in Middle East by 900 BC | |||
* introduced to Africa approx. 300 AD | |||
* Camels were used extensively for trans-Saharan trade by 600-700s AD | |||
** and were essential for spread of Islam | |||
=== Dog === | |||
=== Horse === | |||
* particularly useful in the Central Eurasian "Steppes" | |||
** high, flat, grassy lands | |||
* wild horses have unique ability to break through snow and ice in order to find grasses to eat | |||
** due to the unique bend of horse front legs, horses can "kick" | |||
* horse milk was a primary source for Vitamin C for steppe nomads | |||
=== Llama === | |||
* domesticated in Western South America | |||
* thought to have been an essential element in spread of agriculture in western South America for its dung which was used as fertilizer | |||
* used extensively by the Inca for food, milk, fiber (fur) and transport | |||
== Domestication of plants == | |||