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Ancient Egypt (view source)

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[[category:Ancient Egypt]]
[[category:Ancient Egypt]]
[[category:World History]]
[[category:World History]]
<pre>TODO:
* Herodotus descriptions, including
** crocodile hunting (catch them by putting mud in their eyes!)
** tamed crocodiles in temples in Fayum</pre>


See also:  
See also:  
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** flows into Mediterranean Sea
** flows into Mediterranean Sea
** Nile Delta formed as flood waters spread out over coastal lowlands at river mouth
** Nile Delta formed as flood waters spread out over coastal lowlands at river mouth
** the Egyptian words for "East" and "West" are the equivalent of "Right" and "Left"
*** only "left" and "right" when facing upstream (i.e., facing south)
*** so when facing upstream (south), East was to the right and West was to the left
*** this affirms the importance to the Ancient Egyptians of the Nile and its unknown origins
* Ancient Egyptians thought the Nile began somewhere south of the Cataracts (falls)
** from underground sources
* sources = Blue & White Nile:  
* sources = Blue & White Nile:  
** White Nile from tropical, Central Africa
** White Nile from tropical, Central Africa
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** [http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nile_Delta Nile Delta]
** [http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Nile_Delta Nile Delta]
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta Nile Delta wikipedia]
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta Nile Delta wikipedia]
</div>


== Menes, Narmer & 1st Unification of Egypt ==
== Menes, Narmer & 1st Unification of Egypt ==
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* followed by unrelated rulers (13th & 14th dynasties; power exchanged, fought over)
* followed by unrelated rulers (13th & 14th dynasties; power exchanged, fought over)
** Hyksos invasion -- migration, settlement (conquest?) of Nile Delta leads to final collapse of 13th dynasty and the Middle Kingdom
** Hyksos invasion -- migration, settlement (conquest?) of Nile Delta leads to final collapse of 13th dynasty and the Middle Kingdom
* Thera explosion is documented in the "Tempest Stele" (tempest means "storm"; "stele" is an upright stone monument))
** erected by the first New Kingdom Pharaoh, Amhose I, in 1550
** describes storms, dark skies, and damage to temples
** Amhose I claimed that he repaired the damage


== Hyksos invasion ==
== Hyksos invasion ==
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* source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II Ramesses II] (wikipedia)
* source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II Ramesses II] (wikipedia)
</div>
</div>
* Ramses II is often portrayed in popular culture as the pharaoh of Old Testament's Book of Exodus (Moses)
** sources
** sources
*** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh Battle of Kadesh] (wikipedia)
*** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh Battle of Kadesh] (wikipedia)
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==Collapse of New Kingdom==
==Collapse of New Kingdom==
* following the death of Ramses II, was a series of pharaohs who oversaw a decline in Egyptian power
** Ramses II outlived many of his own sons (died in 1213)
** his thirteenth son, Merneptah, was selected as heir after the death of older brothers
*** Merneptah was about 70 years old when he became pharaoh
* over-expansion and constant warfare weakens Egyptian empire
* over-expansion and constant warfare weakens Egyptian empire
* climate change impacts region: more migration into Egypt & destabilizing invasions
* climate change impacts region: more migration into Egypt & destabilizing invasions
** famines under Ramses II (Jewish exodus period) coincidental to collapse of Hittite Empire
** a possible cause is the Hekla 3 volcanic eruption in Iceland
** Egypt suffered crop losses and inflation in grain prices
*** famines resulted
*** economic decline coincidental to decline of Hittite Empire
* Bronze Age collapse:
* Bronze Age collapse:
** collapse coincidental to Mycenean (Greece) decline
** Egypt suffered from reduced flow of the Nile and overall dryer and cooler climate
** Sea Peoples: "mysterious" raiders - likely from Italy or Greece who raided coastal areas of Eastern Mediterranean
** however, Egypt remained intact while most eastern Mediterranean states collapsed
*** Hittite empire fell, Mycenaean Greece collapsed, Assyria weakened, etc. see [[Bronze Age Collapse]] entry
** Sea Peoples:  
*** "mysterious" raiders
*** likely from Italy, Greece, and the Levant who raided coastal areas of Eastern Mediterranean
* Ramses III, from the 20th Dynasty (Ramses II was in 19th Dynasty) ruled 1186-1155
** considered the last great pharaoh of the New Kingdom
** held off the Sea Peoples
** famine conditions during final years of his rule may have been caused by a volcanic eruption in Iceland (possibly 1159 BC)
** may have been murdered
*** the "Harem conspiracy", a failed coup led by one of the wives of Ramses III who wanted her son to take over from Ramses III
*** the conspiracy shows that there was political instability
*** 38 people were tried and executed
* following Ramses III, Egypt lost control of its rule in the Levant
** Libyan and Nubian invaders threatened Egypt and took territory
** the last New Kingdom pharaoh was Ramses XI, who died in 1078
** by that time the High Priests of Amun controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt
** Smendes took over as pharaoh and founder of the 21st Dynasty, ruled 1077/76–1052
*** Smendes ruled over a divided and weak Egypt that was invaded by other peoples, including the Libyans (from the west, controlled the Delta), Kushites (from the south, established themselves as pharaohs) and later on by the Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks under Alexander the Great and, marking the end of pharaonic Egypt, the Romans


== Post-Egyptian self-rule ==
== Post-Egyptian self-rule ==
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** [[https://www.ancient.eu/article/997/ancient-egyptian-agriculture/ Ancient Egyptian Agriculture (Ancient History Encyclopedia)]]
** [[https://www.ancient.eu/article/997/ancient-egyptian-agriculture/ Ancient Egyptian Agriculture (Ancient History Encyclopedia)]]


===Literature===
*
* Papyrus of Nes-min >> todo
* [http://www.wisdomlib.org/egypt/book/the-book-of-am-tuat/index.html The Book of Am-Tuat: "That Which Is In the Afterworld"]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amduat Amduat "That which is in the afterworld"] wikipedia entry
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts Egyptian funerary texts Wikipedia category list]
* [http://egypt-grammar.rutgers.edu/Palermo%20Stone.pdf The Palermo Stone] (pdf file)
** Old Kingdom kings list, shows Menes being conferred kingship by the god Horus; this text was used by Manetho
** see also [http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/palermostone.html Palermo Stone]
* [http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/abydoskl.html Abydos King List] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_King_List Abydos King List] (wikipedia)


==Culture and Cultural & Technological Achievements==
==Culture and Cultural & Technological Achievements==
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>> see articles used in WH Fall2011 >> drinking wine etc.
>> see articles used in WH Fall2011 >> drinking wine etc.


===Literature===
* Papyrus of Nes-min >> todo
* [http://www.wisdomlib.org/egypt/book/the-book-of-am-tuat/index.html The Book of Am-Tuat: "That Which Is In the Afterworld"]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amduat Amduat "That which is in the afterworld"] wikipedia entry
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts Egyptian funerary texts Wikipedia category list]
* [http://egypt-grammar.rutgers.edu/Palermo%20Stone.pdf The Palermo Stone] (pdf file)
** Old Kingdom kings list, shows Menes being conferred kingship by the god Horus; this text was used by Manetho
** see also [http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/palermostone.html Palermo Stone]
* [http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/abydoskl.html Abydos King List] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_King_List Abydos King List] (wikipedia)
=== Mathematics ===
* extensive, organized agricultural land use required that the ancient Egyptians develop practical geometry and other mathematical calculations
* additionally, cultural and religious focus on tracking the the sun and stars required complex mathematical calculations
* these mathematical skills were applied to Egyptian architecture, which was planned using precise mathematical measurements and calculations.
* math types included
** addition/ subtraction/ multiplication
** fractions
** geometry, esp. for calculating surface area and volume of 3-diminensial structures (architecture and engineering)
** algebra, including quadratic equation
**
==== Numeric system ====
* surviving evidence shows Egyptians used base-10 numeric system
* large dimensions, such as land or buildings, were measured in "cubits"
* had a script to display fractions
** including to use variables, such as 2/n, in unit fractions
** see [[wikipedia:Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus|Rhind Mathematical Papyrus - Wikipedia]]
[[File:Hieroglyph-numerals base-ten wikipedia screenshot.jpg|none|thumb|294x294px]]
* the number 276 would be represented as:
[[File:Egypt Hieroglyph numbers 276.gif|none|thumb]]
==== addition and subtraction ====
* like many early peoples, Egyptians recorded addition and subtracting using indicators of adding to or taking away numbers
*to add a number would be
**2 <-- 1 = 3
***= adding 1 to 2
** Egyptian symbol for addition = "go in"
[[File:Hiero_D54.png]] (= feet walking towards the first number being added to)<br>
so <big>1 [[File:Hiero_D54.png]] 2 = 3</big>
*to subtract a number would be
**3 --> 1 = 02
***= taking away 1 from 3
** Egyptian symbol for subtraction = "go out"<br>
so <big>3 [[File:Hiero_D55.png]] 1 = 2</big>
[[File:Hiero_D55.png]] (= feet walking away from first number being added to)
* Sources
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics|Ancient Egyptian mathematics (wikipedia)]]
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement|Ancient Egyptian units of measurement (wikipedia)]]


===Gender equality===
===Gender equality===
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==Historiography of Egypt==
== Historiography of Egypt ==


===Egyptology===
===Egyptology===
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** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_Egyptian_chronology wikipedia "Conventional Egyptian chronology"]
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_Egyptian_chronology wikipedia "Conventional Egyptian chronology"]
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology wikipedia "Egyptian chronology"] - this page discusses the problems in establishing Egytian chronologies
** [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology wikipedia "Egyptian chronology"] - this page discusses the problems in establishing Egytian chronologies
* Egyptian archaeological record:
=== Egyptian archaeological record ===
*** not always reliable: often works of state propaganda  
* not always reliable: often works of state propaganda  
*** extensive gaps occur between surviving records
* extensive gaps occur between surviving records
*** Egyptian year count based on events and pharaohs which is difficult to translate to modern dating
* Egyptian year count based on events and pharaohs which is difficult to translate to modern dating
* Manetho of Sebennytus
==== Egyptian timeline via celestial dating ====
** Egyptian high priest (of the sun god Ra) who lived under the Greek king of Egypt, Ptolomey I
* using the path of the Dog Star, Sirius, Egyptologists have been able to correlate the position of the star with the ancient Egyptian calendar
** major work is "Aegyptiaca," the first organized historical overview of ancient Egypt, completed in 271 BC
* since the Egyptian calendar was the basis of the Roman calendar
*** Kings List: of rulers and gods who ruled before the kings
** (which is the basis of the modern European "Gregorian" calendar)
**** kings list was an Egyptian tradition: see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara_King_List Saqqara Tablet]
* knowing that July 19 is the Egyptian date for the rise of Sirius, the Dog Star
**** the list of ruling "dynasties" comes to us from Manetho
** by matching surviving Egyptian records, astronomers and mathematicians were able to date the
*** includes narratives of events across Egyptian history
*** start of the 12th dynasty at 2000 BC
*** written in Greek, most of original is lost
*** start of the 18th dynasty at 1580 BC
*** historians rely on translations by others, notably Josephus, Africanus, and Eusebius, all from the Roman era
**** more or less by 3 years
** sources:
** these calculations have allowed for accurate extrapolation of Egyptian records into modern dating
*** (wikipedia entry [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho on Manetho here]
** they also showed the Manetho's timeline was greatly exaggerated
*** [http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1999/127pdf/127093.pdf The First Egyptian Narrative History: Manetho and Greek Historiography] - Academic article
=== Manetho of Sebennytus ===
* Egyptian high priest (of the sun god Ra) who lived under the Greek king of Egypt, Ptolomey I
** lived either in late 3rd century (early 300s) to early 2nd century B.C. (300s-200s BC)
* the name "Menotho" may mean "Truth" or "Gift" of "Thoth" (Egyptian god of the moon, knowledge, writing)
* major work is "Aegyptiaca," the first organized historical overview of ancient Egypt, completed in 271 BC
** Aegyptiaca = "History of Egypt"
* Kings List: of rulers and gods who ruled before the kings
** kings list was an Egyptian tradition: see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara_King_List Saqqara Tablet]
** the list of ruling "dynasties" comes to us from Manetho
** includes narratives of events across Egyptian history
* written in Greek, most of original is lost
** historians rely on translations by others, notably Josephus, Africanus, and Eusebius, all from the Roman era
* see essay by [https://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1999/127pdf/127093.pdf John Dillery, The First Egyptian Narrative History: Manetho and Greek Historiography]
<pre>In the early 3rd century BC, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the Egyptian priest Manetho of Sebennytus wrote a history of his native land in the Greek language. The work is clearly indebted both to Egyptian and Greek texts. Its importance cannot be over stressed: two cultures, and the narrative systems they employed, were brought together in the composition of his Aegyptiaca, or Egyptian Matters. Issues such as the impact of Greek historical writing on Egyptian conceptions of the past, the intended audience of such a work, and the role of the native elite in the Macedonian and Greek governance of Egypt are all opened up through Manetho's work.</pre>
* sources:
** (wikipedia entry [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho on Manetho here]
** [http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1999/127pdf/127093.pdf The First Egyptian Narrative History: Manetho and Greek Historiography] - Academic article
** [http://www.und.edu/instruct/cjacobs/Manetho.html Manetho's "Aegyptiaca"] - images of surviving manuscript
** [http://www.und.edu/instruct/cjacobs/Manetho.html Manetho's "Aegyptiaca"] - images of surviving manuscript
* celestial dating
=== Herodotus "Histories" ===
** using the path of the Dog Star, Sirius, Egyptologists have been able to correlate the position of the star with the ancient Egyptian calendar
* Herodotus of Halicarnassus wrote "Histories", which included a study of Egypt
** since the Egyptian calendar was the basis of the Roman calendar
* Book 2 contains three chapters with subsections:
*** (which is the basis of the modern European "Gregorian" calendar)
** Fourth logos: Geography of Egypt
** knowing that July 19 is the Egyptian date for the rise of Sirius, the Dog Star
** Fifth logos: customs and animals of Egypt
*** by matching surviving Egyptian records, astronomers and mathematicians were able to date the
*** Tyre
**** start of the 12th dynasty at 2000 BC
*** Egyptian customs
**** start of the 18th dynasty at 1580 BC
*** The hippopotamus
***** more or less by 3 years
*** Mummification
*** these calculations have allowed for accurate extrapolation of Egyptian records into modern dating
** Sixth logos: history of Egypt
**** they also showed the Manetho's timeline was greatly exaggerated
*** text: The relief of Sesostris
* Greek, Roman and Islamic historians
* for Herodotus's text see:
** Herodotus
** [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2131/pg2131-images.html AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT BY HERODOTUS BEING THE SECOND BOOK OF HIS HISTORIES CALLED EUTERPE (Gutenburg)]
** Islamic histories of ancient Egypt << to do
** [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/herodotus/herodotus-histories/ Herodotus' Histories (livius.org)] provides commentary about each book of Herodotus
=== Other Histories and ancient visitors ===
* Hecataeus of Miletus, 6th century B.C.
** called, "the father of Geography," a Greek diplomat and philosopher from 6th century BC who had visited Egypt with the Persian court after its conquest of Egypt
** wrote "Journey round the Earth" or "World Survey"
*** survive only in fragments (pieces) or citations from later authors
** Herodotus relied on Hecataeus
* Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, 14th century AD Islamic traveler and writer
** visited Egypt and wrote in wonder of the ancient monuments
** wrote "An Account of Egypt"
** importantly promoted the study and preservation of the archaeological remains in Egypt
=== European "Egyptologists" ===
* following early 19th century French invasion of Egypt, the land was opened up to European visitors
* especially under later British rule, historians investigated the ancient archeology and texts and translated earlier texts from the Greeks, especially


== Ancient Egypt Vocabulary ==
== Ancient Egypt Vocabulary ==
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* bulleted link to other related internal or web articles
* bulleted link to other related internal or web articles


== Ancient Egypt in modern popular culture ==
* Steve Martin, SNL "King Tut" skit & dance
** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYbavuReVF4 YouTube]


==Lesson Plans & Teaching Ideas==
==Lesson Plans & Teaching Ideas==
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