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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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=== US Indian Wars === | === US Indian Wars === | ||
* Creek War (Tecumhsah) | * Creek War (Tecumhsah) | ||
* Seminole Wars | * Seminole Wars | ||
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* Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32: | * Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32: | ||
* World War II, 1939-1945 | * World War II, 1939-1945 | ||
*Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm | * Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm | ||
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
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=== American Revolution | === French Indian War === | ||
Notes: | |||
* 1754-1763 | |||
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | |||
** the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements | |||
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River | |||
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | |||
* in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region | |||
* on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender | |||
* British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost | |||
** there were 500 French and Indian soldiers | |||
** and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia | |||
* the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec. | |||
<br> | |||
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<br> | |||
=== French-Indian War terms === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Conference, 1754|or Albany Congress; at the start of the French-Indian War, a gathering of representatives of seven, northeastern colonial legislatures in Albany , New York, with the purpose to manage relations with Indian tribes and create collective defense against the French; Albany was at the time an important city but "western" in that it was not coastal; although called for by Great Britain with the specific goal of mending relations with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to fend against the French and their indian allies, the Conference was the first convention of colonial legislatures; the Congress adopted Benjamin Franklin's "Albany Plan", but it was rejected by the British and colonial governments}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan|proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li> | |||
Annus Mirabilis of 1759 | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne|French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1783|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Pitt|British Cabinet minister and leader who led Britain to victory in the Seven Years War; Pitt was Prime Minister, 1766-1768, and, growing old and soon lost power; Pitt defended British powers over the colonies but argued that the Stamp Act was unjust and illegitimately imposed "internal taxes" on the colonies; his opposition to the Act led to its repeal}}</ul></li> | |||
<br> | |||
-------------------- | |||
== American Revolution == | |||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customss, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smugglng, which is simply trade of goods wihout paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customss, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smugglng, which is simply trade of goods wihout paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Massacre|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Tea Party|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Circulatory Letter|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Committees of Correspondence|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|}}</ul></li> | |||
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the |}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Saratoga|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Paine|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|}}</ul></li> | |||
Writs of Assistance|}}</ul></li> | |||
=== British Laws & Regulations === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coercive Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Intolerable Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olive Branch Petition|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quartering Act|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
</div><br> | </div><br> | ||
------------------- | ------------------- | ||
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* National Origins Act | * National Origins Act | ||
* New Deal | * New Deal | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Palmer Raids|named for Wilson Administration Attorney General, Palmer, who oversaw "raids" (searches, arrests) of radical organizations, mostly socialists and anarchists; the impetus for the raids were a series of bombs mailed by anarchists in April 1919}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Palmer Raids|1919-1920 federal police raids on anarchists and communists; named for Wilson Administration Attorney General, Palmer, who oversaw "raids" (searches, arrests) of radical organizations, mostly socialists and anarchists; the impetus for the raids were a series of bombs mailed by anarchists in April 1919; 6000 people were arrested, and hundreds of immigrants among them were deported}}</ul></li> | ||
* Proclamation of Neutrality | * Proclamation of Neutrality | ||
* prohibition | * prohibition | ||
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== Great Depression & FDR == | == Great Depression & FDR == | ||
== Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration == | |||
Notes: | |||
* the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures); | |||
** the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929. | |||
** it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29 | |||
** it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954 | |||
<br> | |||
------------- | |||
<br> | |||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Thursday|Thurs., Oct 24, 1929 "sell-off" or panic selling of stocks at the "opening bell" (when the market opened) that led to 11% drop in market value; banks, especially JP Morgan Bank and large investment firms put in high bids to drive up prices, and the market stabilized at the end of the day and Friday, Oct 25, 1929}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Monday|Mon, Oct 28: after the initial panic of Thursday, with instiuttional buying to keep up prices, it seemed that the market had stabilized; however, on Monday, investors who had borrowed money to buy stocks faced "margin calls", which led to massive sell-off and an overall 13% drop in the market;}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Tuesday|Tues, Oct 29, investors panicked and sold at continuously lower prices in order to recover whatever they could, to the point that there were no buyers for many stocks; the market dropped another 12% with the most "volume", or number of sales, ever up until that time; the market continued its decline into the rest of the year}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"buying on margin"|borrowing money to purchase stocks; margin buying allows investors to purchase more stocks than they could with their own money, so if there is much margin buying, it drives up the prices of stocks; the practice became widespread by late 1920s and led to the "speculative bubble" that burst in Oct. 1929}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hawley-Smoot Tariff|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hoovervilles|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:margin call|a "call" is a demand for repayment of a loan to buy stocks, and "margin" refers to the difference between the amount borrowed and the value of the stock; if the stock value is less than the loan amount due, the borrower is "underwater" and will have to sell stocks at whatever price possible in order to "cover", or pay off, the loan; if there is a large sell-off with demands for "margin calls"|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:speculative bubble|speculative = risky; bubble = unstable rise in prices; so 'speculative bubble' refers to a rise in stock market prices based upon overly optimistic expectations of a continued rise in prices; when the market collapses, the "bubble bursts"}}</ul></li> | |||
=== FDR & | === FDR Administration & Great Depression === | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:100 Days |}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:20th Amendment|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:21st Amendment|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bank run|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Brain Trust|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)|a combination started in 1935 as paft of the AFL and United Mine Workers, but which broke away to focus on unksilled industrial workers; the CIO was a strong ally of the FDR administration; the CIO re-merged with the AFL in 1955}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:fireside chats|starting in March of 1933, Roosevelt speeches by radio to explain his polices and assure public of confidence in his Adminstration; the first chat regarded the "bank holiday" of March 1933}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Harry Hopkins|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:NRA|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"New Deal"|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Francis Perkins|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Social Security|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Supreme Court|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"We have nothing to fear but fear itself"|}}</ul></li> | |||
=== New Deal legislation & Agencies== | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933|using an emergency WWI law, the Treason Act, FDR closed banks for an eight-day "national holiday" in order to stop "bank runs"; Congress quickly passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 in order to allow the emergency authority outside of War authority; the bank holiday had multiple purposes: 1) stop bank runs; 2) allow for the government and the banking system to sort out bank viability ("solvency" = ability to cover all deposits); and 3) rebuild public confidence in the banking system; soon after the banks reopened, Aemricans had redeposited over half the money they had previously withdrawn; the stock market jumnped over 15%, the largest one-day increase in market history}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Congress of | |||
</div> | </div> | ||