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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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=== Colonial Wars === | === Colonial Wars === | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)|series of three conflicts, 1610-1614, 1622-1632, 1644-1646, consiting of Indian raids, hostage-taking, and English reprisal attacks, starting at Jamestown, and between the English and the Powhattan tribes and their leadership; the Powhattan goal was to drive the English out of Virginia entirely; the Treaty of 1846 ended hostilities and defined the extent of English possessions from the coast upwards the navigable portions of the York and othe rivers}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)|series of three conflicts, 1610-1614, 1622-1632, 1644-1646, consiting of Indian raids, hostage-taking, and English reprisal attacks, starting at Jamestown, and between the English and the Powhattan tribes and their leadership; the Powhattan goal was to drive the English out of Virginia entirely; the Treaty of 1846 ended hostilities and defined the extent of English possessions from the coast upwards the navigable portions of the York and othe rivers}}</ul></li> | ||
* Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch) | |||
* Jamestown Massacre, 1622 | * Jamestown Massacre, 1622 | ||
* Pequot War (1634-1638) | * Pequot War (1634-1638) | ||
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* King William's War, 1689-1897 | * King William's War, 1689-1897 | ||
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713 | * Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713 | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul></il> | |||
* Dummer's War, 1722-25 | * Dummer's War, 1722-25 | ||
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766 | * Pontiac's War, 1763-1766 | ||
* Lord Dunmore's War, 1774 | * Lord Dunmore's War, 1774 | ||
=== American settlers or frontier wars === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon's Rebellion 1676|violent political dispute over colonial protection of frontier settlers and lands; see below}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771|ongoing defiance and rebellion of rural North Carolina colonists who objected to taxation and control from the eastern capital of North Carolina, New Bern; the term "Regulators" was chosen to emphasize that the movement wanted "regular" order of local governance and control}}</ul></li> | |||
* Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794 | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800|Tax revolt by Pennyslvania Dutch farmers}}</ul></li> | |||
=== US Indian Wars === | === US Indian Wars === | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stono Rebellion, 1739|South Carolina, largest slave rebellion with 25 English and 35-50 slaves killed; led by an educated slave who knew to take advantage of planters' Sunday worship gatherings when they were unsuspecting and unarmed; this and other southern slave revolts were the product of horrible living conditions but growing slave populations who were able to organize while isolated from free whites; following the Stono Rebellion, SC passed laws requiring more whites per black slaves on plantations and limiting slave access to their own food and economic production}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stono Rebellion, 1739|South Carolina, largest slave rebellion with 25 English and 35-50 slaves killed; led by an educated slave who knew to take advantage of planters' Sunday worship gatherings when they were unsuspecting and unarmed; this and other southern slave revolts were the product of horrible living conditions but growing slave populations who were able to organize while isolated from free whites; following the Stono Rebellion, SC passed laws requiring more whites per black slaves on plantations and limiting slave access to their own food and economic production}}</ul></li> | ||
* Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826 | * Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826 | ||
=== Minor Wars or US Military actions === | === Minor Wars or US Military actions === | ||
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* Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32: | * Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32: | ||
* World War II, 1939-1945 | * World War II, 1939-1945 | ||
*Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm | * Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm | ||
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
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------------------- | ------------------- | ||
=== American Revolution | === French Indian War === | ||
Notes: | |||
* 1754-1763 | |||
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | |||
** the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements | |||
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River | |||
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | |||
* in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region | |||
* on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender | |||
* British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost | |||
** there were 500 French and Indian soldiers | |||
** and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia | |||
* the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec. | |||
<br> | |||
------------------- | |||
<br> | |||
=== French-Indian War terms === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Conference, 1754|or Albany Congress; at the start of the French-Indian War, a gathering of representatives of seven, northeastern colonial legislatures in Albany , New York, with the purpose to manage relations with Indian tribes and create collective defense against the French; Albany was at the time an important city but "western" in that it was not coastal; although called for by Great Britain with the specific goal of mending relations with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to fend against the French and their indian allies, the Conference was the first convention of colonial legislatures; the Congress adopted Benjamin Franklin's "Albany Plan", but it was rejected by the British and colonial governments}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan|proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li> | |||
Annus Mirabilis of 1759 | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne|French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1783|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Pitt|British Cabinet minister and leader who led Britain to victory in the Seven Years War; Pitt was Prime Minister, 1766-1768, and, growing old and soon lost power; Pitt defended British powers over the colonies but argued that the Stamp Act was unjust and illegitimately imposed "internal taxes" on the colonies; his opposition to the Act led to its repeal}}</ul></li> | |||
<br> | |||
-------------------- | |||
== American Revolution == | |||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customss, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smugglng, which is simply trade of goods wihout paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customss, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smugglng, which is simply trade of goods wihout paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Massacre|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Tea Party|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Circulatory Letter|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Committees of Correspondence|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|}}</ul></li> | |||
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the |}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Saratoga|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Paine|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|}}</ul></li> | |||
Writs of Assistance|}}</ul></li> | |||
=== British Laws & Regulations === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coercive Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Intolerable Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olive Branch Petition|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quartering Act|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
</div><br> | </div><br> | ||
------------------- | ------------------- | ||
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=== Labor === | === Labor === | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:craft union|organization of skilled workers in a common trade, such as carpenters or railroad workers; craft unions represent those workers across industries, but limited to that particular trade or craft}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American Federation of Labor (AFL)|started 1886 as alliance of craftsmen and craft unions; the first president of the AFL was Samuel Gompers; the AFL focused its unionization efforts as "business unionism" which meant it focused on "collectivism" and representation on behalf of its members but not necessarily as anti-business; as a "craft union" the AFL was mostly concerned with wages and work conditions in protection of particular job categories; the AFL did sponsor strikes, but usually more targeted than those of industrial unions}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Eugene Debs (155-1926)|labor union organizer and socialist who was a founding member of the IWW and candidate for president in 1912 and 1920 of the Socialist Party of America; Debs started in local Indiana railroad unions, thn helped organize one of the first national industrial unions, the American Railway Union. Debs was convicted of "sedition" (a form of treason) in violation of the Espionage Act of 1917 for speaking in public to urge resistance to the military draft during WWI; he ran from president from jail and received 3.4 percent of the vote; Warren Harding commuted his sentence in 1921 (ended the sentence but did not pardon him)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|labor union organized around workers in a common industry, or even a company but not along lines of skills or "crafts"; i.e. all auto workers, as opposed to mechanics}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|an organization of workers in a common industry and across employers; industrial unions, especially the IWW, tended to be more explicitly socialist than craft unions}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)|industrial union founded 1905 that sought "solidarity" of all workers and working classes; the IWW was explicitly socialist and sought for control of industry by workers; important IWWW leaders included William "Big Bill" Haywood (miners unionizer), Daneil de Leon (socialist) and, for a time, Eugene Debs; the IWW opposed WWI and its leaders prosecuted for violation of the Espionage Act; the union declined into the 1920s}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)|founder of the AFL, and so focused his activities on the interests of craftsmen; Gompers supported the government efforts in WWI, especially in contrast ot the IWW}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
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=== WWI === | === WWI === | ||
Notes: | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bolsheviks|Russian marxists led by Vladimir Lenin who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and renamed themselves the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in 1903 the Bolsheviks had split with the more moderate Mensheviks who had argued for a broader socialist movement, whereas the Bolsheviks wanted a smaller party of more dedicated revolutionaries; like the later Nazis in Germany, n the Bolsheviks came to power taking a minority share of a popular vote for a government by seizing control of the majority alliance, in Russia, being the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and assorted marxist groups such as the remnants of the Menshevik party}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts|the 1917 Espionage Act criminalized interference with military operations or recruitment (the draft), and is still in effect, with amendments; the 1918 Sedition Act was amended the Espionage Act to add speech offenses including "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive langage" against the United States Government, including if such language was delivered by mail; the Sedition Act was unpopular and repealed in Dec., 1920. Up to that time, about 1,500 prosecutions were carried out}}</ul></li> | |||
* "He kept us out of the war" (1916) | * "He kept us out of the war" (1916) | ||
* Jones Act (1916) | * Jones Act (1916) | ||
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* Sussex Pledge (1916) | * Sussex Pledge (1916) | ||
* U-Boats | * U-Boats | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)|following the US declaration of War, Congress passed this law to prohibit trade with an enemy; the law was never rescinded and exists today; in 1933, FDR used the TWEA as the legal basis for delcaring a national bank holiday, even though there was no war or actual enemy; Congress quickly passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act to add "period of national emergency" to the presidential authority under TWEA, and FDR again used the TWEA to limit gold ownership}}</ul></li> | |||
* War bonds | * War bonds | ||
* War Industries Board | * War Industries Board | ||
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* National Origins Act | * National Origins Act | ||
* New Deal | * New Deal | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Palmer Raids|named for Wilson Administration Attorney General, Palmer, who oversaw "raids" (searches, arrests) of radical organizations, mostly socialists and anarchists; the impetus for the raids were a series of bombs mailed by anarchists in April 1919}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Palmer Raids|1919-1920 federal police raids on anarchists and communists; named for Wilson Administration Attorney General, Palmer, who oversaw "raids" (searches, arrests) of radical organizations, mostly socialists and anarchists; the impetus for the raids were a series of bombs mailed by anarchists in April 1919; 6000 people were arrested, and hundreds of immigrants among them were deported}}</ul></li> | ||
* Proclamation of Neutrality | * Proclamation of Neutrality | ||
* prohibition | * prohibition | ||
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== Great Depression & FDR == | == Great Depression & FDR == | ||
== | == Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration == | ||
Notes: | |||
* the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures); | |||
** the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929. | |||
** it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29 | |||
** it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954 | |||
<br> | |||
------------- | |||
<br> | |||
<div style="column-count:2"> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Thursday|Thurs., Oct 24, 1929 "sell-off" or panic selling of stocks at the "opening bell" (when the market opened) that led to 11% drop in market value; banks, especially JP Morgan Bank and large investment firms put in high bids to drive up prices, and the market stabilized at the end of the day and Friday, Oct 25, 1929}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Monday|Mon, Oct 28: after the initial panic of Thursday, with instiuttional buying to keep up prices, it seemed that the market had stabilized; however, on Monday, investors who had borrowed money to buy stocks faced "margin calls", which led to massive sell-off and an overall 13% drop in the market;}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Black Tuesday|Tues, Oct 29, investors panicked and sold at continuously lower prices in order to recover whatever they could, to the point that there were no buyers for many stocks; the market dropped another 12% with the most "volume", or number of sales, ever up until that time; the market continued its decline into the rest of the year}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"buying on margin"|borrowing money to purchase stocks; margin buying allows investors to purchase more stocks than they could with their own money, so if there is much margin buying, it drives up the prices of stocks; the practice became widespread by late 1920s and led to the "speculative bubble" that burst in Oct. 1929}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hawley-Smoot Tariff|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hoovervilles|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:margin call|a "call" is a demand for repayment of a loan to buy stocks, and "margin" refers to the difference between the amount borrowed and the value of the stock; if the stock value is less than the loan amount due, the borrower is "underwater" and will have to sell stocks at whatever price possible in order to "cover", or pay off, the loan; if there is a large sell-off with demands for "margin calls"|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:speculative bubble|speculative = risky; bubble = unstable rise in prices; so 'speculative bubble' refers to a rise in stock market prices based upon overly optimistic expectations of a continued rise in prices; when the market collapses, the "bubble bursts"}}</ul></li> | |||
=== FDR Administration & Great Depression === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:100 Days |}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:20th Amendment|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:21st Amendment|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bank run|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Brain Trust|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)|a combination started in 1935 as paft of the AFL and United Mine Workers, but which broke away to focus on unksilled industrial workers; the CIO was a strong ally of the FDR administration; the CIO re-merged with the AFL in 1955}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:fireside chats|starting in March of 1933, Roosevelt speeches by radio to explain his polices and assure public of confidence in his Adminstration; the first chat regarded the "bank holiday" of March 1933}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Harry Hopkins|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:NRA|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"New Deal"|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Francis Perkins|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Social Security|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Supreme Court|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"We have nothing to fear but fear itself"|}}</ul></li> | |||
=== | === New Deal legislation & Agencies== | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933|using an emergency WWI law, the Treason Act, FDR closed banks for an eight-day "national holiday" in order to stop "bank runs"; Congress quickly passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 in order to allow the emergency authority outside of War authority; the bank holiday had multiple purposes: 1) stop bank runs; 2) allow for the government and the banking system to sort out bank viability ("solvency" = ability to cover all deposits); and 3) rebuild public confidence in the banking system; soon after the banks reopened, Aemricans had redeposited over half the money they had previously withdrawn; the stock market jumnped over 15%, the largest one-day increase in market history}}</ul></li> | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||