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=== Colonial Wars ===
=== Colonial Wars ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)|series of three conflicts, 1610-1614, 1622-1632, 1644-1646, consiting of Indian raids, hostage-taking, and English reprisal attacks, starting at Jamestown, and between the English and the Powhattan tribes and their leadership; the Powhattan goal was to drive the English out of Virginia entirely; the Treaty of 1846 ended hostilities and defined the extent of English possessions from the coast upwards the navigable portions of the York and othe rivers}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)|series of three conflicts, 1610-1614, 1622-1632, 1644-1646, consiting of Indian raids, hostage-taking, and English reprisal attacks, starting at Jamestown, and between the English and the Powhattan tribes and their leadership; the Powhattan goal was to drive the English out of Virginia entirely; the Treaty of 1846 ended hostilities and defined the extent of English possessions from the coast upwards the navigable portions of the York and othe rivers}}</ul></li>
* Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
* Jamestown Massacre, 1622  
* Jamestown Massacre, 1622  
* Pequot War (1634-1638)
* Pequot War (1634-1638)
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* King William's War, 1689-1897
* King William's War, 1689-1897
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)|Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul></il>
=== British Colonial Era Frontier / Indian Wars ===
These wars were generally over lands, trade resources, tribal-disputes, or European disputes
* Beaver Wars, 1609-1701
* Chickawaw Wars, 1721-1763
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
* Lord Dunmore's War, 1774
* Lord Dunmore's War, 1774
=== American settlers or frontier wars ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon's Rebellion 1676|violent political dispute over colonial protection of frontier settlers and lands; see below}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771|ongoing defiance and rebellion of rural North Carolina colonists who objected to taxation and control from the eastern capital of North Carolina, New Bern; the term "Regulators" was chosen to emphasize that the movement wanted "regular" order of local governance and control}}</ul></li>
* Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800|Tax revolt by Pennyslvania Dutch farmers}}</ul></li>


=== US Indian Wars ===
=== US Indian Wars ===
These wars were generally over lands, trade resources, tribal-disputes, or European disputes
* Creek War (Tecumhsah)
* Creek War (Tecumhsah)
* Seminole Wars
* Seminole Wars
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stono Rebellion, 1739|South Carolina, largest slave rebellion with 25 English and 35-50 slaves killed; led by an educated slave who knew to take advantage of planters' Sunday worship gatherings when they were unsuspecting and unarmed; this and other southern slave revolts were the product of horrible living conditions but growing slave populations who were able to organize while isolated from free whites; following the Stono Rebellion, SC passed laws requiring more whites per black slaves on plantations and limiting slave access to their own food and economic production}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stono Rebellion, 1739|South Carolina, largest slave rebellion with 25 English and 35-50 slaves killed; led by an educated slave who knew to take advantage of planters' Sunday worship gatherings when they were unsuspecting and unarmed; this and other southern slave revolts were the product of horrible living conditions but growing slave populations who were able to organize while isolated from free whites; following the Stono Rebellion, SC passed laws requiring more whites per black slaves on plantations and limiting slave access to their own food and economic production}}</ul></li>
* Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826
* Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826
=== Frontier Wars ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon's Rebellion 1676|violent political dispute over colonial protection of frontier settlers and lands; see below}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771|ongoing defiance and rebellion of rural North Carolina colonists who objected to taxation and control from the eastern capital of North Carolina, New Bern; the term "Regulators" was chosen to emphasize that the movement wanted "regular" order of local governance and control}}</ul></li>
* Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800|Tax revolt by Pennyslvania Dutch farmers}}</ul></li>


=== Minor Wars or US Military actions ===
=== Minor Wars or US Military actions ===
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== American Revolution flowcharts ==
== American Revolution flowcharts ==
<nowiki>***</nowiki> UNDER CONSTRUCTION <nowiki>***</nowiki>


==== Origins ====
==== Origins ====
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}}
}}


==== Laws to regulate and raise revenue ====
==== British & Colonial responses ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR


WD[War debt, management<br>of new posseesssions]-->Su[Parliament passes laws<br>to raise revenue]
WD[War debt, management<br>of new posseesssions]-->Su[Parliament passes laws<br>to raise revenue]


subgraph " "
Su[Sugar Act of 1764]
Su[Sugar Act of 1764]
end


Su-->St
Su-->St


subgraph " "
St[Stamp Act of 1765]
St[Stamp Act of 1765]
end
 
St--Colonial response-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
St--Colonial response-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
Su--Colonial boycott-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
Su--Colonial boycott-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766]
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}}
}}


==== Enforcement and Colonial responses ====
==== Cyle of Escalation ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment]
 
ME-->CP-->NL[Retraction of tax or regulations]-->RP[Replacement by new tax or regulation]
 
RP-->CP
}}
 
==== Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR


RS[Repeal of Stamp Act]--replaced by-->DA[Declaratory Act, 1766]
RS[Repeal of Stamp Act]--replaced by-->DA[Declaratory Act, 1766]


RS-->CCA[Commissioners of Customs Act 1767]
DA--justifies Parliamentary powers-->IE
 
RS-->CCA[Commissioners of Customs Act 1767<br>created American Board of Customs Commissioners<br>who exercised independent power in collecting taxes]
RS-->TA[Townsend Acts, 1767-1768<br>new taxes, increased enforcement & Admiralty Courts]
CCA-->IE[Increased enforcement]
TA-->IE
}}
 
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
IE[Increased enforcement]-->Sm[Protest, complaints, corruption<br>and confrontation with smugglers]
Sm-->BOS[Occupation of Boston by British Troops]-->BM[Boston Massacre, 1770]
}}


CCA--American Board of Customs Commissioners<br>exercised independent power in collecting taxes-->IE[Increased enforcement]
==== Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CP[Colonial Protest]-->RTA[Partial repeal of Townsend Acts, 1770]
TA[Tea Act, 1773]-->BTP[Boston Tea Party]-->IA[Coercive Acts<br>to punish colonists]
}}
}}
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
IE[Increased enforcement]-->Sm[Confrontation with Smugglers]
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests]
Sm-->BOS[Occupration of Boston by British Troops]-->BM[Boston Massacre, 1770]
CO-->CB[Colonial Boycotts]
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
}}
}}


  Section: Revolutinary War
==== War ====
    1774: First Continential Congress
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
    1775: Paine's "Comon Sense"
CO[Colonial Organization]-->CC1[1774: First Continential Congress]
    1776: Declaration of Independence
CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's Comon Sense]--anti-King-->DI[1776: Declaration of Independence]
}}


== Colonial Periods ==
= Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods =


=== Pre-Columbian ===
=== Pre-Columbian ===
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennyslvannia and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennyslvannia and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy|starting in the mid-15th century, Iroquois tribes started a loose "confedercy," or federation, of independent, usually linguistically related tribes who joineed politically for comon defense, land organization, etc. versus enemy tribes; into the European colonial period, the Iroquois Confederacy strenthened through trade and tehnological acquisition; the Iroqois Confedercay, or "Five Tribes" consisted of the e Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; each tribe was governed by groups of "sachems," or local chiefs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mound Builders|starting 500 BC with early Woodland cultures that exercised social and political cohesion to the extent of building massive earthwork "mounds" that served relgious or ceremonial purposes; latter Woodland period mounds could be massive}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li>
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<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------
== Colonial Periods ==
=== Age of Exploration ===
=== Age of Exploration ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:De Las Casas|Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote in 1542 "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" documenting Spanish abuse of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:De Las Casas|Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote in 1542 "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" documenting Spanish abuse of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:encomienda|from ''encomendar'' for to "entrust", a land and labor grant as reward to ''conquistadores'' for conquests on behalf of Spain; the ''encomenderos'' thus claimed large lands and plantations using enslaved native labor; the ''encomienda'' system incentivized Spanish conquest and expansion across the world; the system was outlawed in 1542 when Natives were granted limited Spanish citizenship (i.e., "subjects" of the Spanish king); it was replaced by the ''repartiamento'' system}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:encomienda|from ''encomendar'' for to "entrust", a land and labor grant as reward to ''conquistadores'' for conquests on behalf of Spain; the ''encomenderos'' thus claimed large lands and plantations using enslaved native labor; the ''encomienda'' system incentivized Spanish conquest and expansion across the world; the system was outlawed in 1542 when Natives were granted limited Spanish citizenship (i.e., "subjects" of the Spanish king); it was replaced by the ''repartiamento'' system}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Florida (or Spanish Florida)|After the French-Indian War (1763), Spain traded Florida for Louisiana Territories west of the Mississippi (Britain returned Havana Cuba and Manilla, Philippines, which it had seized during the Seven Years War); Britain ceded Florida back to Spain after the American Revolution; significant numbers of Americans moved into the western Florida panhandle, which the U.S. annexed in 1910 following declaration by those settlers of the "Free and Independent Republic of West Florida. After the 1817/18 First Seminole War (led by Andrew Jackson), the US took control of most of Florida, and Spain ceded the entire territory in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty in exchange for an indemnity of $5 milllion in American claims against Spain. Upon independence, Mexico refused to recognize the Treaty, but it was mostly upheld in the 1828 "Treaty of Limits" between the US and Mexico}}<li>hacienda<li>Mit'a (Inca) system</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Florida (or Spanish Florida)|After the French-Indian War (1763), Spain traded Florida for Louisiana Territories west of the Mississippi (Britain returned Havana Cuba and Manilla, Philippines, which it had seized during the Seven Years War); Britain ceded Florida back to Spain after the American Revolution; significant numbers of Americans moved into the western Florida panhandle, which the U.S. annexed in 1910 following declaration by those settlers of the "Free and Independent Republic of West Florida. After the 1817/18 First Seminole War (led by Andrew Jackson), the US took control of most of Florida, and Spain ceded the entire territory in the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty in exchange for an indemnity of $5 milllion in American claims against Spain. Upon independence, Mexico refused to recognize the Treaty, but it was mostly upheld in the 1828 "Treaty of Limits" between the US and Mexico}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:hacienda|from the verb ''hacer'' for "to make or do", Spanish landholding system of large agricultural or other commercial operations, imported to the colonies as plantations or mines using Native American labor}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mit'a (Inca)|pre-colonial Inca system of forced labor and tribute of conquered peoples; Mit'a labor built roads, fortifications, military service, worked farms, esp. for terrace building; was source of Incan revenue and political control}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Laws of 1542|replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 that were supposed to protect the rights of the native peoples; the New Laws ended the ''encomienda'' system by outlawing hereditary control; the New Laws met great and at times violent protest by the ''encomederos''; the New Laws marked more direct control of the colonies by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V); the intervention by Charles may be usefully compared to that of various English monarchs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Laws of 1542|replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 that were supposed to protect the rights of the native peoples; the New Laws ended the ''encomienda'' system by outlawing hereditary control; the New Laws met great and at times violent protest by the ''encomederos''; the New Laws marked more direct control of the colonies by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V); the intervention by Charles may be usefully compared to that of various English monarchs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pueblo Revolt|1680 rebellion by the Pueblo (in modern New Mexico/ AZ), and led by Papé, for maltreatment by the Spanish, who had outlawed their religious practices, forced labor, resource extraction (maize and textiles);  }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pueblo Revolt|1680 rebellion by the Pueblo (in modern New Mexico/ AZ), and led by Papé, for maltreatment by the Spanish, who had outlawed their religious practices, forced labor, resource extraction (maize and textiles);  }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:repartimiento|from ''reparto'' for "distribution", the Spanish system implemented in 1542 of regulated and forced labor that replaced direct slavery of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:repartimiento|from ''reparto'' for "distribution", the Spanish system implemented in 1542 of regulated and forced labor that replaced direct slavery of Native Americans}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saint Augustine|started 1565, Spanish colonial settlement along the northeastern coast of Florida; in 1693 Spanish King Charles II issued a Royal Decree providing freedom for runaway slaves who converted to Catholicism, and the region served as a sanctuary for escaped slaves from the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saint Augustine|started 1565, Spanish colonial settlement along the northeastern coast of Florida; in 1693 Spanish King Charles II issued a Royal Decree providing freedom for runaway slaves who converted to Catholicism, and the region served as a sanctuary for escaped slaves from the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social heirarchies (terms)|''peninsulares'' = born in Spain; ''criolles'' = born in New World of Spanish descent; ''mestizos'' = mixed Spanish and Native American parentage; mulattos = African parentage mixed with other races/ethnicities}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social heirarchies (terms)|''peninsulares'' = born in Spain; ''criolles'' = born in New World of Spanish descent; ''mestizos'' = mixed Spanish and Native American parentage; mulattos = African parentage mixed with other races/ethnicities}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Tordesillas|1494 agreement negotationed by Pope AlexanderVI that divided New World holdings between Spain and Portugal bsed on a "line of demarcation," a north-south longitude line that divided South America between Spanish and Portuguese holings (estabslishing Portugues Brasil)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Tordesillas|1494 agreement negotationed by Pope AlexanderVI that divided New World holdings between Spain and Portugal bsed on a "line of demarcation," a north-south longitude line that divided South America between Spanish and Portuguese holings (estabslishing Portugues Brasil)}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:fur trade|the principal object of exploration and trade for Dutch and French, and also some English, colonial entreprises; beaver and otter fur was most desirable for European markets, which brought significan revenue to the colonies; the fur trade was a lucrative source of goods and tribal power among Native Americans, bringing guns, knives, rum, household items along with the instability of new economic and social pressures of the trade relations}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Amsterdam|now Manhattan, a Dutch city established in 1626 at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings, called New Netherlands, included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (briefly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Amsterdam|now Manhattan, a Dutch city established in 1626 at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings, called New Netherlands, included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (briefly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from the St. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants; the French explored the Great Lakes, which is why Champlain, Detroit, LaSalle, St. Croix, Duluth, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from the St. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants; the French explored the Great Lakes, which is why Champlain, Detroit, LaSalle, St. Croix, Duluth, etc.}}</ul></li>


=== African Slave trade ===
=== African slave trade ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Middle Passage|refers to "passage" or transoceanic shipment of slaves across the Atlantic; mortality rate of slaves on the Middle Passage was 12.5%; a total of 15.3 million Africans were sent across it to the Americas, most of whom were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Middle Passage|refers to "passage" or transoceanic shipment of slaves across the Atlantic; mortality rate of slaves on the Middle Passage was 12.5%; a total of 15.3 million Africans were sent across it to the Americas, most of whom were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olaudah Equiano| former slave who in 1789 wrote a memoir of hs experiences as a slave, includng his childhood in Africa, the Atlantic crossing and life as a slave, which deeply impacted British views on the cruelty of slavery; Equiano was purchased by a British Naval officer and ended up under a Philadelphia merchant who allowed him to purchase his freedom; Equiano became a sucessful merchant and adventurer}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olaudah Equiano| former slave who in 1789 wrote a memoir of hs experiences as a slave, includng his childhood in Africa, the Atlantic crossing and life as a slave, which deeply impacted British views on the cruelty of slavery; Equiano was purchased by a British Naval officer and ended up under a Philadelphia merchant who allowed him to purchase his freedom; Equiano became a sucessful merchant and adventurer}}</ul></li>
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-------------------
-------------------


=== English colonial period ===
=== English colonial periods ===
Note that Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies; following small wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities. The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.  
Note:
<br>
* Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies
-------------
* following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.  
* Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.  
* The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.  
 
------------------<div style="column-count:2">
=== Colonial political, economic and social ===
 
==== Types of Colonies ====
* Corporate Charter
* Proprietary Colony
* Royal Colony


<div style="column-count:2">
==== Colony Characteristics ====
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Appalachian Mountains|running nort-south along the eastern coast of the 13 colonies, the Appalachians isolated the east coast and formed a natural barrier to western expansion; the Proclamation of 1863 unsuccessfully barred colonial settlement west of the Appalachians}}</ul></li>
* Maryland
* Massachussets Bay Colony
* Pennsylvania
* Virginia


==== British colonial period terms & events ====


<ul></li>{{#tip-text:Appalachian Mountains|running nort-south along the eastern coast of the 13 colonies, the Appalachians isolated the east coast and formed a natural barrier to western expansion; the Proclamation of 1863 unsuccessfully barred colonial settlement west of the Appalachians}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon’s Rebellion|1676 Virginia rebellion that breifly occupied the colonial at Jamestown over a dispute over protection of settlers who had moved into indian lands; Bacon, a wealthy landowner, had let a militia to protect frontier settlers from indian raids, which the governor opposed. Legislators passed "Bacon's Laws" to authorize colonial militia to protect settlers (who were moving into lands east of the Appalachians; Bacon's rebellion marks one of many disputes across US history between urban political and commercial elites and settlers and rural inhabitants)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bacon’s Rebellion|1676 Virginia rebellion that breifly occupied the colonial at Jamestown over a dispute over protection of settlers who had moved into indian lands; Bacon, a wealthy landowner, had let a militia to protect frontier settlers from indian raids, which the governor opposed. Legislators passed "Bacon's Laws" to authorize colonial militia to protect settlers (who were moving into lands east of the Appalachians; Bacon's rebellion marks one of many disputes across US history between urban political and commercial elites and settlers and rural inhabitants)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>the Great Awakening</ul></li>
<ul><li>headright system</ul></li>
<ul><li>House of Burgesses</ul></li>
<ul><li>indentured servitude</ul></li>
<ul><li>Jamestown</ul></li>
<ul><li>John Rolfe</ul></li>
<ul><li>John Smith</ul></li>
<ul><li>Joint Stock Compnany</ul></li>
<ul><li>Jonathan Edwards</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:King Philip’s War, 1675-1678|"King Philip" was the adopted English name of Wampanoag chief Metacom, who reversed his father's policy of accommodating English presence in New England; he led raids on settlements, to which the English retaliated; the war was conducted by colonial forces only, and thus gave them a sense of self-sufficiency outside of British protection}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Baltimore|George Calvert, 1st Baron of Baltimore, a Catholic British politician was given a charter by King Charles I for the proprietary colony of Maryland (and earlier in southern Newfoundland; Calvert's Catholicism and the borders led to disuptes with Virginia, with actual fighting over Maryland's Kent Island}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Baltimore|George Calvert, 1st Baron of Baltimore, a Catholic British politician was given a charter by King Charles I for the proprietary colony of Maryland (and earlier in southern Newfoundland; Calvert's Catholicism and the borders led to disuptes with Virginia, with actual fighting over Maryland's Kent Island}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>"Lost Colony"</ul></li>
<ul><li>Massachusetts Bay Colony</ul></li>
<ul><li>migration push/ pull factors</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Native American & English relations|students should explore cultural differnces and differences of perception between Native Americans and English settlers; as well as impact of those relations, including disease, economic, tribal organization, land use, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696</ul></li>
<ul><li>New England town meetings</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pequot War, 1636-37|Massachusets: the Pequot fought and lost to English settlers and their allies, Narragansett and Mohegan tribes; ended Pequot resistance to English settlement expansion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>Puritan</ul></li>
<ul><li>Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713</ul></li>
<ul><li>salutary neglect</ul></li>
<ul><li>slave codes</ul></li>
<ul><li>William Penn</ul></li>
<ul><li>yoeman</ul></li>


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li>
</div><br>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li>
-------------------


=== Colonial political, economic and social characteristics ===  
=== French Indian War ===
Maryland| proprietary colony
Notes:
Massachussets Bay Colony
* 1754-1763
Pennsylvania
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
Virginia colonies
** the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
* in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
* on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
* British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
** there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
** and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
* the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.


* the Great Awakening
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Conference, 1754|or Albany Congress; at the start of the French-Indian War, a gathering of representatives of seven, northeastern colonial legislatures in Albany , New York, with the purpose to manage relations with Indian tribes and create collective defense against the French; Albany was at the time an important city but "western" in that it was not coastal; although called for by Great Britain with the specific goal of mending relations with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to fend against the French and their indian allies, the Conference was the first convention of colonial legislatures; the Congress adopted Benjamin Franklin's "Albany Plan", but it was rejected by the British and colonial governments}}</ul></li>
* headright system
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan|proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li>
* House of Burgesses
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne|}}</ul></li>
* indentured servitude
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1783|}}</ul></li>
* Jamestown
* John Rolfe
* John Smith
* Join Stock Compnany
* Jonathan Edwards
* King Philip’s War
* "Lost Colony"  
* Massachusetts Bay Colony
* miration push/ pull factors
* Native American-European interactions, including disease, treatment of
* Navigation Acts
* New England town meetings
* Pequot War
* Puritan
* Queen Anne's War
* salutary neglect
* slave codes
* types of colonies: proprietary, royal, corporate charter
* Yoeman
 
* William Penn
</div><br>
-------------------


=== American Revolution ===
=== American Revolution ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* ABC Boards
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customss, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smugglng, which is simply trade of goods wihout paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li>
* Admiralty Court
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system}}</ul></li>
* Albany Conference
 
* Boston Massacre
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Massacre|}}</ul></li>
* Boston Tea Party
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Tea Party|}}</ul></li>
* Common Sense
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Circulatory Letter|}}</ul></li>
* Declaration of Independence
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Committees of Correspondence|}}</ul></li>
* Enlightenment philosophers
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul></li>
* First Continental Congress
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}</ul></li>
* Fort Duquesne
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li>
* Gadsden flag
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li>
* French and Indian War
 
* John Locke
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li>
* Lexington/Concord
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|}}</ul></li>
* Loyalist
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</ul></li>
* Montesquieu
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li>
* natural rights
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li>
* Navigation Acts
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Montesquieu|}}</ul></li>
* Patrior
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:natural rights|}}</ul></li>
* Proclamation of 1763
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li>
* Saratoga
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the |}}</ul></li>
* social contract theory
 
* Sons of Liberty
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Saratoga|}}</ul></li>
* Stamp Act
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li>
* Stamp Act Congress
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li>
* Sugar Act
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|}}</ul></li>
* Thomas Paine
 
* Townsend Acts
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Paine|}}</ul></li>
* Treaty of Paris of 1783
 
* Valley Forge
 
* Yorktown
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}</ul></li>
* Continental Congress/es
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|}}</ul></li>
Writs of Assistance|}}</ul></li>
 
=== British Laws & Regulations ===
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coercive Acts|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Intolerable Acts|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navigation Acts|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olive Branch Petition|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Quartering Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul></li>
</div><br>
</div><br>
-------------------
-------------------
Line 564: Line 630:


=== Labor ===
=== Labor ===
* American Federation of Labor (AFL)
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:craft union|organization of skilled workers in a common trade, such as carpenters or railroad workers; craft unions represent those workers across industries, but limited to that particular trade or craft}}</ul></li>
* Samuel Gompers
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American Federation of Labor (AFL)|started 1886 as alliance of craftsmen and craft unions; the first president of the AFL was Samuel Gompers; the AFL focused its unionization efforts as "business unionism" which meant it focused on "collectivism" and representation on behalf of its members but not necessarily as anti-business; as a "craft union" the AFL was mostly concerned with wages and work conditions in protection of particular job categories; the AFL did sponsor strikes, but usually more targeted than those of industrial unions}}</ul></li>
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Eugene Debs (155-1926)|labor union organizer and socialist who was a founding member of the IWW and candidate for president in 1912 and 1920 of the Socialist Party of America; Debs started in local Indiana railroad unions, thn helped organize one of the first national industrial unions, the American Railway Union. Debs was convicted of "sedition" (a form of treason) in violation of the Espionage Act of 1917 for speaking in public to urge resistance to the military draft during WWI; he ran from president from jail and received 3.4 percent of the vote; Warren Harding commuted his sentence in 1921 (ended the sentence but did not pardon him)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|labor union organized around workers in a common industry, or even a company but not along lines of skills or "crafts"; i.e. all auto workers, as opposed to mechanics}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:industrial union|an organization of workers in a common industry and across employers; industrial unions, especially the IWW, tended to be more explicitly socialist than craft unions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)|industrial union founded 1905 that sought "solidarity" of all workers and working classes; the IWW was explicitly socialist and sought for control of industry by workers; important IWWW leaders included William "Big Bill" Haywood (miners unionizer), Daneil de Leon (socialist) and, for a time, Eugene Debs; the IWW opposed WWI and its leaders prosecuted for violation of the Espionage Act; the union declined into the 1920s}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)|founder of the AFL, and so focused his activities on the interests of craftsmen; Gompers supported the government efforts in WWI, especially in contrast ot the IWW}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:term|explanation}}</ul></li>
 
 
 
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
Line 610: Line 687:


=== WWI ===
=== WWI ===
* Bolsheviks
Notes:
* Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917)
 
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bolsheviks|Russian marxists led by Vladimir Lenin who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and renamed themselves the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; in 1903 the Bolsheviks had split with the more moderate Mensheviks who had argued for a broader socialist movement, whereas the Bolsheviks wanted a smaller party of more dedicated revolutionaries; like the later Nazis in Germany, n the Bolsheviks came to power taking a minority share of a popular vote for a government by seizing control of the majority alliance, in Russia, being the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and assorted marxist groups such as the remnants of the Menshevik party}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts|the 1917 Espionage Act criminalized interference with military operations or recruitment (the draft), and is still in effect, with amendments; the 1918 Sedition Act was amended the Espionage Act to add speech offenses including "disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive langage" against the United States Government, including if such language was delivered by mail; the Sedition Act was unpopular and repealed in Dec., 1920. Up to that time, about 1,500 prosecutions were carried out}}</ul></li>
* "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
* "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
* Jones Act (1916)
* Jones Act (1916)
Line 620: Line 699:
* Sussex Pledge (1916)
* Sussex Pledge (1916)
* U-Boats
* U-Boats
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)|following the US declaration of War, Congress passed this law to prohibit trade with an enemy; the law was never rescinded and exists today; in 1933, FDR used the TWEA as the legal basis for delcaring a national bank holiday, even though there was no war or actual enemy; Congress quickly passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act to add "period of national emergency" to the presidential authority under TWEA, and FDR again used the TWEA to limit gold ownership}}</ul></li>
* War bonds
* War bonds
* War Industries Board
* War Industries Board
Line 654: Line 734:
* prohibition
* prohibition
* pump-priming
* pump-priming
* Red Scare|"First Red Scare" 1919, caused by anarchist and socialist protests and terrorism (mailing bombs); the success of the Russian communist revolution heightened these fears, as did teh 1920 "Wall Street Bombing" which kille d40 people}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Red Scare|"First Red Scare" 1919, caused by anarchist and socialist protests and terrorism (mailing bombs); the success of the Russian communist revolution heightened these fears, as did teh 1920 "Wall Street Bombing" which kille d40 people}}</ul></li>
* Return to ‘normalcy’
* Return to ‘normalcy’
* Roarding Twenties
* Roarding Twenties
Line 695: Line 775:
* 20th Amendment
* 20th Amendment
* 21st Amendment
* 21st Amendment
* Brain Trust
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)|a combination started in 1935 as paft of the AFL and United Mine Workers, but which broke away to focus on unksilled industrial workers; the CIO was a strong ally of the FDR administration; the CIO re-merged with the AFL in 1955}}</ul></li>
* fireside chats
* fireside chats
* Harry Hopkins
* NRA
* NRA
* "New Deal"
* "New Deal"
 
* Francis Perkins
* Social Security
* Social Security
* Supreme Court
* Supreme Court


=== Roosevelt Administration/s ===
* Brain Trust
* Francis Perkins
* Harry Hopkins
*
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
Line 762: Line 839:
* Yalta Conference
* Yalta Conference


=== Post-WWII ===
=== End of WWII ===


* 22nd amendment
* 22nd amendment
* Nuremburg Trials
* Nuremburg Trials
* United Nations</div>
* United Nations
 
</div>
<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------


== Latter-half 20th Century ==
== Latter-half 20th Century ==
Notes:
* WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
** all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
** the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
* a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
** students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism


=== Early Cold War Foreign Affairs ===
=== Early Cold War Foreign Affairs ===
Line 887: Line 972:


<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
== Vietnam War ==
== Vietnam War ==
* French involvement, 1954-1955
* French involvement, 1954-1955
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