AP US Government & Politics vocabulary list
AP US Government & Politics Running Vocabulary List
#
- 3/5ths clause
- 501(c)(3) corporation
- 527 organization
- 435 Members of House
- 538 Electoral College Votes
A
- ABC agencies
- acquisitive bureaucracies
- activist court
- actuary tables
- ad hominem
- administrative law
- administrative state, the
- adversarial press
- “advice & consent”
- advocate
- affirmative action
- Afghanistan War
- age discrimination
- agenda
- Alexis de Tocqueville
- Alien & Sedition Acts
- allocation of resources
- America First / America-Firsters
- “Ameicans”
- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
- American empire
- American Experiment, The
- American exceptionalism
- amicus curiae
- anarchy / anarchism
- anachronistic / anachronism
- Annapolis Convention
- antebellum
- anti-federalist
- anti- trust
- apolitical
- appeal / appellate court
- apportion/ apportionment
- appropriations / appropriate
- arbitrary rule
- Areopagitica (Milton)
- arraignment
- Article 1, Section 8
- Articles of Confederation
- asymmetrical warfare
- at large / at large representation
- atrophy
- Australian ballot
- authority
B
- balance of trade
- balanced budget
- balancing the ticket
- bankruptcy
- barriers to entry
- base, the
- battleground states
- bicameral legislature
- big tent
- bilateral
- bill of attainder
- Bill of Rights
- black box voting machine
- bipartisan
- block grants
- blue collar/ white collar
- Blue Dogs
- Blue state
- Boston Tea Party
- Broken Windows Theory
- Bush doctrine
- bourgeoisie
- budget
- budget deficit
- budget resolution
- bundle/ bundling
- bureau
- bureaucracy / bureaucrat
- bureaucratic inertia
- burden
C
- cabal
- Cabinet, the
- campaign
- campaign finance reform
- capital
- capital offence / capital crime
- capitalism
- capitol
- categorical grants
- caucus
- Caucus, the Iowa
- caveat emptor
- census
- censor / censorship
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- centralize / centralization
- “cert” (writ of certiorari)
- charity
- charter
- chauvinistic
- check & balances
- Chief Executive
- Christian Coalition
- citizenship
- civic duty
- civil law
- civil liberties
- civil rights
- Civil Rights Acts
- civil service
- claimant / complainant
- classics / classical
- classical liberalism
- clear & present danger doctrine
- client politics
- cloture
- coalition
- coattails
- coercion
- cognitive dissonance
- collateral damage
- collective bargaining
- collective decisions
- Commander in Chief
- Commerce clause
- commercial speech
- commission
- committees: standing, select, joint
- common law
- community standards
- competitive federalism
- concession
- concession speech
- concurrent power (s)
- concurring opinion
- confederation
- Conference Committee
- congress
- Congress
- Congressional Budget Office (CBO)
- Congressional oversight
- confirmation bias
- conflict of interest
- Connecticut Compromise
- conscription
- consensus
- conservative / conservatism
- consent of the governed
- consideration (contract law)
- constituency
- constituent
- constitutional / unconstitutional
- constitutional crisis
- constitutionalism
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- consumerism
- contempt of court
- context / contextual
- Continental Congress
- continuing resolution
- contract / contract law
- contract of cohesion
- convention: constitutional, party convention
- convention bump
- cooperative federalism
- co-option
- copyright
- corporation / incorporation
- cover up
- Council of Economic Advisors
- court
- creative destruction
- criminal law
- cruel and unusual punishment
- czar
- dark horse
- de facto
- de facto segregation v de jure segregation
- de jure
- debt / federal debt
- debt ceiling
- Declaration of Independence
- defendant
- deficit: trade deficit, fiscal deficit, budget deficit
- delegate, a (n)
- delegate, to (v)
- delegated powers
- deliberation
- deliberative body
- demagogue / demagoguery
- democracy
- democratic (little “D”)
- Democratic Party (big “D”)
- demographics
- department
- Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)
- deregulate
- determinism
- deterrence
- deviance
- devolution
- diffusion
- diplomacy / diplomat
- direct democracy
- direct primary
- direct representation
- direct tax
- discount rate (Federal Reserve)
- discretionary authority (bureaucracies)
- discrimination
- disenfranchised
- disinterested
- disparate impact
- dispersed inequality
- dissent
- dissenting opinion
- distribution of power
- distributive policy
- district
- District Attorney (D.A.)
- District Court
- divided government v. unified government
- divine right / divine rule
- diversity
- doctrine
- double Jeopardy
- dualism
- dual federalism
- dual sovereignty
- dual court system
- due process
- e pluribus unum
- earmark
- ecclesiastical
- economics
- economic theory
- economy / economy
- efficacy (internal v external efficacy)
- egalitarianism
- elastic / “elastic clause”
- election
- Electoral College
- electoral mandate
- electorate
- elites / elitism
- eminent domain
- Enlightenment
- entanglement/s
- entitlements
- entitlement state
- entrapment
- entrepreneurial politics
- enumerate
- enumerated powers
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- equal application of the law
- equal protection
- Equal Protection clause
- Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
- equality
- equality of condition
- equality of opportunity
- equality of outcomes
- equity
- Establishment clause
- euphemism
- evangelicals
- ex post facto (laws)
- exclusionary rule
- executive agreement
- executive branch
- executive order
- executive privilege
- exit polls
- expedient
- expressed powers
- expropriation
- extra-constitutional
- extradite
- faction (s)
- Fairness doctrine
- family values
- favorite son
- federal (small “f”)
- Federal (big “F”)
- federal apparatus
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
- Federal Reserve
- federalism
- federalist
- Federalist Papers
- Federalist Party
- Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA)
- feminism
- filibuster
- First Lady
- first-past-the-post voting (PFTP)
- fiscal policy / fiscal year
- flag burning
- flat tax
- “flyover country”
- focus group
- food stamps
- “foot in the door”
- foreign entanglements
- foreign policy
- Founders (“Founding Fathers, “Framers”)
- Fourth Branch, the
- Fourth Estate, the
- franchise, the (n)
- franking
- franchise
- franking
- fraud
- free rider
- free speech
- free trade
- friend of the court
- front loading (primaries)
- front runner
- Full faith & credit
- functionary
- funded mandates (v unfunded)
- future contingents (“what is today is not… tomorrow”)
- Gallup/ Gallup Poll/ George Gallup
- Gang of Eight
- gas tax/ gasoline tax
- gay and lesbian
- gender
- gender gap
- General Accounting Office (GOA)
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- genocide
- gentrification
- gerrymandering
- global warming
- government
- Government Accountability Office (GAO)
- Grand Old Party (GOP)
- grandfather laws/ clause / “grandfathered”
- grants
- grants-in-aid
- Great Compromise
- gridlock
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Group of 8 (also G8)
- Guantanamo (also “Gitmo”)
- habeas corpus
- hard money (v. soft money)
- harm
- hegemony
- hereditary rule
- home rule
- Homeland Security Department
- Horatio Alger story
- horse race
- Housing and Urban Development Department (HUD)
- human rights
- humanism
- idealism
- ideology (-ies)
- “if you want less of something, tax it”
- “if you want more of something, subsidize it;
- illegal alien
- impound/ impoundment
- incentives
- income inequality
- incumbent
- infrastructure
- inherent bias (polling)
- “initiative, referendum and recall”
- interdependent
- interventionism / interventionist
- Iowa caucuses
- immigration reform
- impeachment
- implied powers
- impoundment
- impugn
- Imperial presidency
- “In God We Trust”
- incentive
- income distribution
- income tax
- incorporation (14th amendment)
- incumbency
- independence
- independent agency
- independent counsel
- independent voter
- indict / indictment
- indirect democracy
- indirect tax
- individualism
- inequity
- inflation
- influence
- infomercial
- informal power
- inherent power
- initiative
- intellectual property
- inter-state commerce (also, v intra-state)
- institutional bias
- intelligence agency
- inter-dependent
- interests
- interest groups
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- institution
- Iraq War
- iron triangle
- isolationism / isolationist
- issue advocacy
- James Carville
- Jean Jacques Rousseau: “Social Contract”
- Jim Crow laws
- John Locke: “Two Treatises of Government”
- Joint Chiefs of Staff
- joint committee
- judicial activism
- judicial branch
- judicial restraint
- judicial review
- Judiciary Committee
- jurisdiction
- jury nullification
- justice
- Justice Department
- Karl Rove
- Keynesianism
- keynote address
- kitchen cabinet
- laissez-faire
- landslide
- labor union
- largess
- laws of unintended consequences
- left wing
- Left, the
- legal precedent
- legal remedy
- legislation
- legislative branch
- legislative veto
- legislator
- legislature
- legitimate / legitimacy
- Lemon Test
- letter of the law
- liability / limited liability
- liberal (small “l”)
- Liberal (big “L”)
- liberalism
- libertarian
- Libertarian Pary
- liberty
- license
- limited government
- line-item veto
- linkage institution
- liquidity
- litigant / litigation
- living constitution (also “organic”)
- litmus test
- lobbying/ lobbyist
- local government / local rule
- lock box
- logrolling
- Louisiana Purchase
- machine politics
- Machiavelli
- magistrate
- Magna Carta (also “Magna Charta”)
- majority
- majority age
- Majority Leader
- majority opinion
- majoritarian politics
- “majority rule, minority rights”
- mandate
- Manifest Destiny
- marginal
- marginal district
- market economy
- market mechanism
- Marshall Court
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- masses, the
- mass market
- mass media
- matching funds / matching grants
- Mayflower Compact
- McCarthy Era / McCarthyism
- means test
- media
- Medicaid / Medicare
- merit / merit system
- micro / macro
- Middle America
- midterm elections
- Military-Industrial Complex
- militia
- minority age
- Minority Leader
- minority party
- Miranda Rights
- mitigate
- moderate / moderates
- monetary policy
- monolithic
- monopoly
- monopoly of force / monopoly on violence
- Monroe Doctrine
- Montesquieu, Baron de la Brede
- moral hazard
- mortgage crisis
- motor voter
- muckraker
- Mugwump
- Nate Silver
- nation / nation-states
- National Abortion Rights Action League
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- national committee
- national convention
- National Governors Association
- National Rifle Association (NRA)
- National Security Agency (NSA)
- National Security Advisor / Council
- nationalize / nationalization
- natural law
- natural monopoly
- Necessary and Proper clause
- New Deal
- New Jersey Plan
- New Nationalism
- “New World Order”
- networking
- niche
- Nielsen Ratings
- “The 99%”
- No Child Left Behind
- “no free lunch”
- “No Hypocrites!”
- nomination / nominating convention
- non-governmental organization (NGO)
- non-partisan
- non-profit
- norms
- North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- Nuclear Football, the
- Obamacare
- Obama Doctrine
- obscenity
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Occupy Wall Street / “Occupy”
- “of the people”
- Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
- omnibus legislation
- open government
- open primary
- open society
- opinions (Court)
- opposition research
- oral argument
- orderly transfer of power
- original intent
- original jurisdiction
- originalist
- overlapping authorities
- pardon
- parliamentary maneuver
- parliamentary system
- parochial
- partisan / partisanship
- party realignment
- parties: major, minor, independent
- party dealignment
- party discipline / party loyalty
- party machine
- “passions attached to opinions”
- patents
- patrician
- patriotic / patriotism
- patronage
- payroll taxes
- peaceful transfer of power
- penal system
- pension
- Pentagon Papers
- per capita
- performatives
- Persian Gulf
- persuasion
- perverse incentives
- petition
- People for the American Way
- photo op
- plaintiff
- planned economy
- platform / plank
- plea bargain
- plebe / plebian
- pluralism / pluralistic
- pocket veto
- polarize / polarization
- police power
- police state
- policy wonk
- political
- Political Action Committee (PAC)
- political appointee
- political base
- political compromise
- political cover
- political efficacy
- political culture
- political economy
- political identity
- political parties
- political socialization
- political stability
- politicize
- politics
- poll tax
- polling
- polls (surveys / polling stations)
- polyarchy
- popular government
- popular sovereignty
- popular vote / popular majority
- populist / populism
- pork barrel
- positive law
- poverty line
- POW/MIA
- power/ powers
- Preamble, the
- precedent
- preemption
- prescient
- presidency
- president
- President of the United States (also POTUS)
- President pro tempore
- Press, the
- press secretary
- pressure groups
- price supports
- price theory
- primary elections/ primaries: direct primary, open primary, closed primary
- primogeniture
- prior restraint v. prior review
- privacy / privacy rights
- privilege / privileged / privileges
- privileges & immunities
- “pro-choice”
- procedural due process
- procedural rights
- process
- profit incentive
- progenitor
- progressive
- Progressive Era
- progressives
- projection of power
- property rights
- proportional representation
- prosecutor / prosecution
- protection
- protectionism
- public choice theory
- Public Citizen
- public interest
- public interest group
- public opinion
- public policy
- public-private
- public safety
- public scrutiny
- public weal
- pure democracy
- push poll
- quorum
- quotas / quota system
- ranked choice voting
- rational-basis review (or scrutiny)
- reactionary
- Reagan Democrats
- Reaganomics
- realclearpolitics.com
- recall
- race
- racial discrimination
- racial preferences
- recidivism
- reconcile
- Red Scare
- Red state
- red tape
- redistribution
- redistricting
- referendum
- regressive tax
- regulation (s)
- regulation v. direct control
- regulatory agency
- regulatory discretion
- regulatory policy
- release valves
- religious right
- Reform Party
- remedy
- rent seeking
- repeal
- republic
- republican (small “r”)
- Republican (big “R”)
- Republican in Name Only (RINO)
- republican principle
- republicanism
- representative democracy
- reserved powers / Reserved Powers clause
- rescission
- resolutions (v. laws)
- reverse discrimination
- rhetorical power
- riders
- right to bear arms
- “right to life”
- Right, the
- right wing
- rights
- roll-call / roll-call votes
- rule of four
- rule of law
- Rule of Reason
- Rules Committee
- run-off
- Russia Gate
- Rust Belt
- “safe seat”
- safety net
- sampling error
- sanction
- school choice
- school prayer
- scrutiny: intermediate & strict scrutiny; also rational basis scrutiny
- search and seizure
- secession
- Second Continental Congress
- Section 8 (Housing Act of 1937)
- sectionalism
- secular
- Security Council
- sedition
- self-actualization
- self-determination
- self-government
- self-perpetuating
- self-rule
- Senatorial courtesy
- senior citizens
- separate but equal
- separation of church and state
- separation of powers
- September 11 (also “911")
- sequester
- session of Congress
- Shays’ Rebellion
- show cause
- silent majority, the
- simple majority
- single-member district
- situational ethics
- small claims court
- “smoke filled rooms”
- soccer mom
- social choice theory
- social construction
- social contract
- social engineering
- social hierarchy
- social justice
- social media
- social mobility
- social class
- social welfare
- socialism
- soft money (v. hard money)
- Solicitor General
- solid South
- sound bite
- sovereignty
- Speaker of the House
- speech
- split ticket v. straight ticket vote
- stakeholder
- standards / standardize
- standing (courts)
- stare decisis
- state
- state ownership
- State Department
- State of the Union address
- states’ rights
- statute of limitations
- statutes
- statutory law
- statutory
- stewardship
- straw vote
- strict constructionist
- strict scrutiny
- structure
- sub rosa
- subpoena
- subsidies / subsidize
- substantive due process
- succession
- suffrage
- sunshine laws
- super majority
- Supremacy clause
- Supreme Court (also SCOTUS)
- suspect categories
- swing states
- swing voters/ votes
- symbolic speech
- syndicate
- Takings clause
- talking heads
- tax rate
- tax shelter
- taxes
- Tea Party
- technicalities
- term limits
- textualist / textualism
- “The” v. “These” United States
- Thomas Hobbes (”Leviathan”)
- think tanks
- third party
- threshold
- ticket
- Title Programs: Title I, II, IX, etc.
- tort
- totalitarian
- town hall meeting
- “Tragedy of the Commons”
- trial balloon
- triangulation
- Trickle Down theory
- two party system
- trust, a (n)
- tyranny of the majority
- unalienable / unalienable rights
- unanimity
- unanimous
- undocumented worker
- underprivileged
- unemployment compensation
- unemployment rate
- unfunded mandate
- unilateral / unilaterally
- unintended consequences (moral hazard)
- universal suffrage
- “Unsafe at Any Speed”
- unwritten constitution
- urban renewal
- utility
- values
- values voter
- veto
- vice presidency
- Virginia Plan
- virtual representation
- vote
- vote of conscience
- voter behavior
- voter apathy (>> not defining of non-voting)
- voting rights
- Voting Rights Act (esp. “Section 2”)
- voucher/ “vouchers”
- “wall of separation”
- War on Drugs
- War on Poverty
- War on Terrorism
- war powers
- watchdog
- Watergate
- Ways & Means committee
- Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
- wedge issue
- weighting
- welfare
- welfare reform
- welfare state
- whip
- Whiskey Rebellion
- whistle-blowing
- “winner take all”
- World Bank
- workfare
- writ
- writ of certiorari
- xenophobic
- zoning
- Power/ Powers
- concurrent
- delegated
- enumerated
- expressed
- implied
- informal
- inherent
- reserved
- also: distribution of power
- Forms of government
- absolute monarchy
- aristocracy
- authoritarian
- colony
- constitutional monarchy
- constitutional government
- constitutional monarchy
- council
- democracy
- dictatorship (modern)
- direct democracy
- divine rule
- dynasty
- empire
- feudalism
- hereditary rule
- kleptocracy
- monarchy
- nation
- oligarchy
- parliamentary
- polyarchy
- primogeniture
- representative democracy
- republic
- self-government
- self-rule
- state
- theocracy
- totalitarian
- tyranny (tyrant)
- Economics
- command economy
- comparative advantage
- consumerism
- developed world
- developing world
- First World
- Free-trade
- "Invisible hand of the market"
- Keynesianism
- laissez-faire
- local v national economy
- Locke
- market economy
- Marxism
- opportunity cost
- planned economy
- political economy
- public choice & social choice theories
- Reaganomics
- scarcity & surplus
- staple crop
- Supply-Side
- Third world
- traditional economy
- trickle-down
- utility
- Taxes / Taxation
- city, state, local taxes
- direct v. indirect tax
- excise
- income bracket
- income
- Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
- loopholes
- marginal tax rate
- progressive tax
- property
- regressive tax
- sales
- shelters
- tax authority
- withholding
- Metacognition
- anomaly / anomalous
- Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning
- context / contextual
- learning process
- non-linear thought
- relevancy
- Sociological Terms
- affirmation
- “Broken Windows” theory
- confirmation bias
- “defining deviance down” (Daniel Patrick Moynihan)
- deviance as healthy (Durkheim)
- deviance
- group think
- life cycles
- linguistics
- loss aversion
- norms
- repetition bias
- role fulfillment
- socialization
- status
- symbols / symbolism
- validation
- Landmark Supreme Court Cases (alphabetical)
- Baker v Carr (1962)
- Bakke v Regents of the University of California (1978)
- Bob Jones University v US (1983)
- Boy Scouts of America v Dale (2000)
- Brown v Board of Education (1954)
- Buckley v Valeo (1976)
- Bush v Gore (2000)
- Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge (1837)
- Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831)
- Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (2010)
- Civil Rights Cases of 1883
- Clinton v City of New York (1998)
- Clinton v Jones (1997)
- Commonwealth v Hunt (1842)
- Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819)
- District of Columbia v Heller (2008)
- Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)
- Engel v Vitale (1962)
- Escobeda v Illinois (1964)
- Ex parte Endo (1944)
- Ex parte Milligan (1866)
- Fletcher v Peck (1810)
- Furman v Georgia (1972)
- Gibbons v Ogden (1824)
- Gideon v Wainwright (1963)
- Gitlow v New York (1925)
- Gratz v Bollinger (2003)
- Griswald v Connecticut (1965)
- Grottner v Bollinger (2003)
- Hamdi v Rumsfield (2004)
- Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier (1983)
- Heart of Atlanta v US (1964)
- Kelo v City of New London (2005)
- Korematsu v United States (1944)
- Lau v Nichols (1974)
- Lawrence v Texas (2003)
- Lemon v Kurtzman (1971)
- Lochner v New York (1905)
- Loving v Virginia >>
- Mapp v Ohio (1961)
- Marbury v Madison (1803)
- McCulloch v Maryland (1819)
- Miller v California (1973)
- Miranda v Arizona (1966)
- Muller v Oregon (1908)
- Munn v Illinois (1876)
- New Jersey v T.L.O. (1985)
- New York Times v Sullivan (1964)
- New York Times v U.S. (1971)
- Northern Securities Co. v U. S. (1904)
- Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992)
- Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
- Pollock v The Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. (1895)
- Regents v Bakke (1978)
- Regents of CA v Bakke (1978)
- Roe v Wade (1973)
- Roper v Simmons (2005)
- Schenck v US (1919)
- Schechter v U. S. (1936)
- Scott v Sanford (1857)
- Shaw v Reno (1993)
- Shenck v United States (1919) / Clear & Present Danger
- Texas v Johnson (1989)
- Tinker v Des Moines (1969)
- U.S. v American Library Association (2003)
- U. S. v E. C. Knight Co. (1895)
- U.S. v Nixon (1974)
- Van Order v Perry (2005)
- Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v Illinois (1886)
- Legal Doctrines and Terms
- Clear & Present Danger Doctrine
- Judicial Review
- Lemon test
- Miranda rights
- Rule of Reason
- Separate but Equal
- judicial activism/ -activist
- judicial restraint
- living constitution
- original intent
- strict constructionist
- textualist
- amicus curiae
- due process
- exclusionary rule
- habeas corpus
- litmus test
- precedent
- prior restraint
- privileges & immunities
- procedural law / procedural rights
- remedy
- stare decisis
- strict scrutiny
- strict scrutiny / intermediate scrutiny
- substantive due process
- writ of certiorari
- Marshall Court (1801-1835)
- Warren Court (1954-1969)
- Rehnquist Court (1986-2005)
- Important Laws
- (incomplete, names as commonly known, not the actual legislative name)
- Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC; 1935 as part of SSA)
- Americans with Disabilities Act (1991)
- Brady hadngun Violence Protection Act (1993)
- Civil Service Reform Axct (1978)
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Clean Water Act (1987)
- Clean Air Act (1970)
- Dodd-Frank (2010)
- Endangered Species Act (1973)
- Fair Housing Act (1968)
- Family Medical Leave Act (1993)
- Federal Election Campaign Acts (FECA, 1971)
- Freedom of Information Act (FOIA, 1966)
- Hatch Act (1939)
- Immigration Act of 1991
- Judiciary Act (1789)
- McCain Feingold (2002)
- Motor Voter Act of 1993
- National Security Act of 1947
- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, 1969)
- Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932)
- Obama Care (“Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010”)
- Pendleton Act (or "Civil Service Act of 1883")
- Social Security Act (SSA) (1935)
- see also Title II, Title XVIII (Medicare), Title XIX (Medicaid)
- Simpson-Marzzoli Act (1987)
- Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
- U.S. Patriot Act of 2001
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Wagner Act (1935)
- War Powers Act (1973)
- CONSTITUTION
- For Constitution Pop-Up Study Guide see: http://www.mrbromleysclass.com/jsagov/?page_id=96
- Original structure
- - Article 1: Legislative organization/ powers
- - Article 2: Executive organization/ powers
- - Article 3: Judicial organization / powers
- - Article 4: Full Faith & Credit / Privileges & Immunities (relationship between states); also "Republican Form of Government" guarantee
- - Article 5: constitutional amendment process (2/3rds Congress or convention of states to propose, 3/4ths States to ratify; state equal suffrage in Senate protection
- - Article 6: Supremacy Clause; also, oaths of office, no religious test
- - Article 7: Ratification of Constitution by 9 states
- Constitutional Amendments/ Timeline
- Early Republic:
- - no.s 1-10, 1789: BOR
- - no. 11, 1795: clarified / limited judicial powers re. suits between citizens & states & foreign nations
- - no. 12, 1803: reorganized Prez/VP election (joined as a ticket essentially)
- Civil War era:
- - no. 13, 1865: abolish slavery
- - no. 14, 1868. 1) a. naturalized citizenship; b. privileges & immunities protection, c. due process d. equal representation 2) representatives apportionment (abolished 3/5ths clause); 3) limit political participation of former confederates; 4) validated northern war debt; - - no 15, 1869: protects voting rights regardless of race, color, former servitude
- Progressive era
- - no. 16, 1913: direct tax (income tax)
- - no. 17, 1913: direct election of senators (by popular vote in states)
- - no. 18, 1917: prohibition
- WWI:
- - no. 19, 1920: voting rights for women
- 1930s/40s:
- - no. 20, 1933: move prez inauguration to Jan (from March), clarified succession
- - no. 21: repeals 18th amendment (prohibition)
- - no. 22, 1951: limit office of prez to two terms (in response to FDR 4 terms)
- Civil Rights Era:
- - no. 23, 1961: electorcal college votes for DC
- - no. 24, 1964: abolishes poll taxes
- - no. 25, 1967: clarifies prez succession in case of incapacitation (Cold War)
- - no. 26, 1971: reduce voting age to 18
- Modern Era:
- - no. 27, 1992 (originally proposed 1789 but had no sunset date): Congressional pay raises can't take effect until after a subsequent election cycle
- Constitution Notes / Vocab
- Federalism
- cooperative federalism
- dual federalism
- dual sovereignty
- elastic clause
- privileges and immunities
- Constitutional Powers
- concurrent
- delegated
- enumerated
- enumerated powers
- expressed
- implied
- informal powers
- inherent powers
- Historical Timeline
- 1750s:
- - French Indian War (America) / Seven Years War (Europe/ Asia)
- 1760s:
- - British colonial rule subsequent to war, including
- - taxes, trade restrictions and regulations
- - impact upon American political thought:
- - economic liberties
- - taxes
- - representation in Parliament
- 1775-81: American Revolution
- 1776: Declaration of Independence
- - Articles of Confederation period0 (1775-17890)
- 1787 Constitutional Convention
- - Federalist Papers
- 1789: Constitution ratified/ Federal government commences
- - BOR adopted
- - compromise w/ anti-Federalists
- - restrictions upon FEDERAL powers/ protections for individuals and states
- 1790s: Washington administration
- - growing partisanship: Hamilton v. Jefferson
- - factions
- 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts:
- - partisan fight over Anglo/French outlook & French Revolution (Paine to France)
- - restriction on immigration (Naturalization Act) & powers of deportation (Alien Friends Act)
- - limits on political speech (Sedition Act)
- 1812-1815: War of 1812
- - largely over U.S. western expansion/encroachment and Napoleonic War implications on trade & maritime laws
- 1810s - 1820s:
- - Judicial review affirmed by Marshall Court
- - challenges to federal Commerce Clause powers
- 1820s: Jacksonian period
- - political patronage
- - entrenchment of political parties
- - federal Indian policies
- - national bank arguments for/against
- - protectionism
- = (southerners hated it, northerners wanted import taxes)
- = promotion of industry
- - emergence of Whig party in reaction to Jacksonian
- 1850s: antebellum period
- - expansion of slavery (arguments, political compromises, entry of new states)
- - slavery issue / abolition movement
- - westward expansion >> manifest destiny
- - federal expansion via territories
- 1860 election: rise of Republican party (4-way split election)
- 1861-65: Civil War
- - “Second American Revolution”
- - Gettysburg Address
- - Constitutional Amendments:
- - 13: abolish slavery/ citizenship
- - 14: citizenship to former slave/ due process
- - 15: voting (black males) / literacy tests
- 1865-1877: Reconstruction
- - Civil Rights Acts
- - Compromise of 1877 (Hayes elected, end of Reconstruction)
- - Posse Comitatus Act (1878)
- - Segregation/ Jim Crow
- 1880s-1890s: Industrialization
- - Pendleton Act (1883; anti-patronage after Garfield assassination)
- - Plessy 1896)
- - Railroads & western economic expansion challenges Commerce Clause
- - populism, demands for government regulation (railroads, granaries, slaughterhouses)
- - industrialization
- - labor conditions
- - unionization
- - trusts
- - Spanish-American War: American colonialism (1896)
- 1890s-1910s: Progressive Era
- - Gov reform: “professional” expert” bureaucracies, rule by "commissions"
- - economic & social reforms: urban conditions / labor / immigration
- - Department of Labor (changed from Bureau to Department 1913)
- - Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
- - Income tax (16th amendment)
- - Direct Democracy (17th amendment)
- - “initiative, referendum and recall”
- - Trusts / trust busting
- Federal Reserve (panic of 1907)
- 1917-18: WWI (US involvement; 1914-1918 in Europe)
- - policing powers v. individual rights/ dissenters/protesters
- - 1st amendment: anti-war protests/ conscription (Debs)
- - " yell fire in a crowded theater"
- - “Incorporation cases”
- - Women’s suffrage (19th amendment, 1920) – as result of women participation in economy during war
- 1920s: Roaring 20s
- - Prohibition (18th amendment)
- - Expansion of federal policing powers (FBI)
- 1930s: Depression
- - New Deal economic interventions/ expansion of commerce clause powers
- - Social Security: welfare state
- - FDR court packing scheme
- 1941-45: WWII
- - pressure on segregation from total social mobilization during war that included black Americans
- 1945-1950s/60s: Post-War:
- - 50's middle class / suburbs
- - automobiles / National Highways System
- - civil rights: 50s/ 60s MLK
- - Cold War
- - Korean War (1950-53)
- - Civil Rights
- - desegregation: Brown (in public schools)
- - desegregation of economic activity
- - application of Civil Rights Movement to ethnicity, social identities
- - expansion of liberties, especially “privacy”
- = sexuality: contraception (1960s), abortion (1973) homosexuality (1990s)
- - Great Society (Johnson)
- 1960s:
- - Vietnam / protests
- - youth movements / hippies
- - popular culture
- - Regulatory State: EPA, Dept of Transportation, etc.
- 1970s
- - inflation / economic decline
- - feminism
- 1980s
- - economic growth
- - banking / Wall Street scandals
- - 1989: collapse of Soviet Union
- 1990s/ 2000s:
- - technology
- - globalization
- - global warming