AP US History vocabulary list

US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events

Note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions

US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices

Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time. A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:

the American Dream

American exceptionalism

Americanism (and What is it to be an American?)

Civil liberties

Civil Rights

"City on a Hill"

Dissent

Due process

Duty

e pluribus unam

Equality

Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)

Foreign non-Intervention / Intervention

Freedom/ Freedoms, esp. movement, protest, religion, speech

Freedom of conscience

Idealism

Intellectual property

Innovation

Justice

Limited government

Patriotism

Personal autonomy

Personal / public safety

Regionalism

Self-reliance

Self-rule/ self-governance

Technology

War

---

American Slogans or Famous Utterances

A day that will live in infamy The American way

Equal justice under law

Give me li

berty or give me death!

Go west, young man!

In God we trust

Life, liberty and the pursuit of happines

Live free or die

Nothing to fear but fear itself

Of the people, by the people, for the people

Remember the Alamo!

Taxation without representation

United we stand, divided we fall

We shall overcome

We the people

---

Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies

When reviewing an historical document, consider:

• date
• author
• publisher
• audience

Review fine print, sources, in cartoons anything written, and apply your PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

• what do you know about the period
• what came before it?
• what followed?
• what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?

Analytical tools include

OPVL

Origin

Perspective

Value

Limitations

SPRITE

Social

Political

Religious

Intellectual

Technological

Economics

HAPPy

Historical context

Audience

Purpose

Point of View

y

General terms to know for US History

• abolitionism

• aristocratic
• authority

• blue collar v. white collar

• cession

• chain migration

• class warfare

• ''de facto'' v. ''de jure''

• delegate (as noun and verb)

• direct tax

• disenfranchised

• dissent

• domestic

• duties
• Electoral College

• emancipation

• embargo

• equity

• excise tax

• federal

• franchise

• hegemony/hegomonic

• imperialism

• indemnity

• infringe / infringement

• intolerance

• laissez-faire
• landmark court case
• legitimacy

• mercantilism
• nativism

• nullify / nullification

• Old World v. New World

• political

• political expediency

• popular sovereignty

• precedent

• prohibition

• "Republican motherhood"
• republican principles

• state

• states rights

• segregation

• socialism

• sovereignty

• suffrage

• tariff

• temperance movement
• two-party system

• unalienable

• unintended consequence

• United States

• western expansion

Wars timeline

• wars are the effect or cause of change
• knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison

Major Wars

• French-Indian War, 1754-1768:
• American Revolution, 1764-1783
• American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
• War of 1812, 1812-1815
• Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
• Civil War, 1861-1865
• Spanish-American War, 1898
• Philipine Insurgeny, 1899-1902
• World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
• White Russian War, 1917
• Wolrd War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
• Korean War, 1950-1953
• Vietman War, 1959-1975
• Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
• Gulf War, 1990-1991
• War on Terror, 2001-2021
• Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
• Iraq War, 2003-2011
• Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006

Colonial Wars

• Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)

• Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
• Jamestown Massacre, 1622
• Pequot War (1634-1638)
• King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
• King William's War, 1689-1897
• Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713

• Yamasee War, 1715-1717

• Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763

• Dummer's War, 1722-25
• Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
• Lord Dunmore's War, 1774

American settlers or frontier wars

• Bacon's Rebellion 1676

• Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771

• Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794

• Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800

US Indian Wars

• Creek War (Tecumhsah)
• Seminole Wars
• see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars

Slave Revolts

• New York Slave Revolt of 1712

• Stono Rebellion, 1739

• Nat Turner's Rebellion, 1826

Minor Wars or US Military actions

• Quasi-War, 1798-1800

• First Barbary War, 1801-1805

• Second Barbary War, 1815

• Panama Revolution, 1903

• Russian White Revolution, Vladistok, 1918
• Berlin Airlift, 1946 << date?
• Greece, 1948
• Iran, 1950s
• Grenada, 1980s
• Panama, 1990 < confirm
• Syria, 2010-12
• Libya, 2012

Important non-American Wars

• Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
• Anglo-Spanish War, 1625-1630
• English Civil War, 1642-1644
• Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
• Anglo-Spanish Wars, 1654-1660, 1665-1667
• Pueblo Revolt, 1680
• French Revolution, 1789-1795

• Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804

• Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
• Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
• Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920
• Russian Revolution, 1917
• World War I, 1914-1918
• Japanese Invasion of Manchuria, 1931-32:
• World War II, 1939-1945
• Suez Crisis, 1957 <<confirm

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States

---

Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods

Pre-Columbian

• Algonquian

• Hopewell tradition

• indigenous

• Iroquois

• Iroquois Confederacy

• Mississippian period/ culture

• Mound Builders

• reciprocal relations

• Woodland Period

---

Colonial Periods

Age of Exploration

• caravel

• Henry Hudson

• conquistador

• St. Lawrence River

Spanish colonialism

• asiento

• De Las Casas

• encomienda

• Florida (or Spanish Florida)

• hacienda

• Mit'a (Inca)

• New Laws of 1542

• Pueblo Revolt

• repartimiento

• Saint Augustine

• Sepúlveda

• Spanish social heirarchies (terms)

• Treaty of Tordesillas

Dutch and French colonialism

• Beaver War

• ''couriers de bois''

• fur trade

• New Amsterdam

• New France

African slave trade

• Middle Passage

• Olaudah Equiano

• seasoning camps

• triangle trade

---

English colonial periods

Note:

• Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies
• following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
• Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
• The American Revolution was largely the result of the excercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.

---

Colonial political, economic and social

Types of Colonies

• Corporate Charter
• Proprietary Colony
• Royal Colony

Colony Characteristics

• Maryland
• Massachussets Bay Colony
• Pennsylvania
• Virginia

British colonial period terms & events

Appalachian Mountains

• Bacon’s Rebellion

• the Great Awakening

• headright system

• House of Burgesses

• indentured servitude

• Jamestown

• John Rolfe

• John Smith

• Joint Stock Compnany

• Jonathan Edwards

• King Philip’s War, 1675-1678

• Lord Baltimore

• "Lost Colony"

• Massachusetts Bay Colony

• migration push/ pull factors

• Native American & English relations

• Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696

• New England town meetings

• Pequot War, 1636-37

• Puritan

• Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713

• salutary neglect

• slave codes

• William Penn

• yoeman

---

French Indian War

Notes:

• 1754-1763
• the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
  • the French and their indian allies opposed these settlements
  • a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluuence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
• sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
• in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
• on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
• British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
  • there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
  • and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
• the British eventually took Ft. Dusquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.

---

French-Indian War terms

• Albany Conference, 1754

• Albany Plan

Annus Mirabilis of 1759

• Fort Duquesne

• Proclamation of 1763

• Treaty of Paris of 1783

• William Pitt

---

American Revolution

• ABC Boards

• Admiralty Court

• Boston Massacre

• Boston Tea Party

• Circulatory Letter

• Committees of Correspondence

• Common Sense

• Declaration of Independence
• direct representation

• Enlightenment philosophers

• First Continental Congress

• ''Gaspee'' affair

• John Locke

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}

• Lexington/Concord

• Loyalist

• Montesquieu

• natural rights

• Patriot

• Revolutionary flags

• Battle of Saratoga

• social contract theory

• Sons of Liberty

• Stamp Act Congress

• Thomas Paine

• Valley Forge
• virtual representation

• Yorktown

• Continental Congresses

Writs of Assistance|}}

British Laws & Regulations

• Coercive Acts

• Intolerable Acts

• Navigation Acts

• Olive Branch Petition

• Quartering Act

• Stamp Act

• Sugar Act

• Townsend Acts

---

Early Republic

Articles of Confederation Period

• Articles of Confederation
• Shay’s Rebellion
• confederation
• sovereignty
• supermajority
• unicameral

U.S. Constitution

• 3/5ths Compromise
• amendment process
• anti-Federalists
• bicameral
• Bill of Rights
• checks and balances
• Connecticut Compromise
• Constitution
• elastic clause
• electoral college
• Federalists
• Federalism
• Federalist no. 10
• Federalist no. 51
• Federalist Papers
• Federalists
• George Washington
• Great Compromise
• impeachment
• James Madison
• New Jersey Plan
• Northwest Ordinance
• preamble
• preamble to the Constitution
• ratification
• separation of powers
• strict vs. loose interpretation
• unwritten Constitution
• Virginia Plan

---

Early Republic

• 12th Amendment

• American System

• Cabinet

• CItizen Genet affair

• Compromise of 1820
• Democratic-Republicans
• election of 1800
• Era of Good Feelings
• Federalists
• George Washington
• Alexander Hamilton
• impressment

• internal improvements

• Jay's Treaty

• Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism

• judicial review
• Louisiana Purchase
• Marbury v. Madison (1804)

• John Marshall

• McColluch v. Maryland (1819)
• Monroe Doctrine
• Mossouri Compromise
• National Bank
• Northwest Territory
• nullification
• political parties

• Republican motherhood

• republicanism

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• War of 1812
• Whigs
• Whiskey Rebellion

---

Antebellum period

Jacksonian period

• John Quincy Adams
• Bank War
• Corrupt Bargain
• Force Bill
• Henry Clay
• Jacksonian democracy
• Indian Removal Act
• Nullification Crisis
• Petticoat affair
• Postal Service
• Panic of 1837
• Second Party System
• spoils system
• Tariff of 1833
• Trail of Tears
• Daniel Webster
• Worcester v. Georgia

---

Antebellum

Social reform

• cult of domesticity
• Declaration of Sentiments
• Frederic Douglas
• emancipation

• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Second Great Awakening
• Seneca Falls Convention
• suffrage
• transcendentalism
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Underground Railroad

---

Antebellum

• American Party
• Bloody Kansas
• John Calhoun
• Compromise of 1850
• Jefferson Davis
• Dred Scott decision
• Gadsden Purchase
• Gold Rush of 1849
• Henry Clay
• Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Know Nothings
• Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• manifest destiny
• Mexican American War
• popular sovereignty
• Republic of Texas
• sectionalism
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
• Daniel Webster

---

Latter 19th Century

Civil War

• 1860 Election
• Anaconda Plan
• Appomattox
• Fre
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Ft. Sumter
• Gettysburg
• Gettysburg Address
• Robert E. Lee
• Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
• Sherman’s March
• U.S. Grant

---

Reconstruction

• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
• black codes
• Compromise of 1877
• 40 acres and a mule
• Freedman’s Bureau
• grandfather clause
• homestead
• Jim Crow laws Klu Klux Klan
• land grant
• literacy tests
• Morill Land-Grant Act (1862)
• Plessy v. Ferguson
• poll taxes
• Radical Republicans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867
• Reconstruction programs:
  • Lincoln's plan
  • Johnson's program
  • Congressional program

---

Post-Reconstruction

Economic & Political

• Andrew Carnegie
• Battle of Wounded Knee
• bimetallism
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Dawes Act /assimilation
• Gentlemen’s Agreement
• Grange, the
• Great Migration
• hard money
• Homestead Act of 1862
• laissez-faire capitalism
• melting pot
• monopoly
• nativism
• Nelson Rockefeller
• political bosses
• political machine
• Populist Party
• robber barons
• Sand Creek Massacre
• Sherman Anti-trust Act
• silver
• social Darwinism
• soft money
• Standard Oil
• transcontinental railroad
• U.S. Steel

---

Imperialism

• Battle of Manila
• “Big Stick Policy”
• Cuba
• de Lôme Letter,
• imperialism
• William McKinley
• Open Door Policy
• Panama Canal
• Roosevelt Corollary
• Spanish-American War
• yellow journalism
• USS Maine

---

First half 20th Century

Labor

• craft union

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Eugene Debs (155-1926)

• industrial union

• industrial union

• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

• Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)

• term

---

Progressive Era

• "Square Deal”
• 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
• Bull Moose Party
• Elkins Act (1903)
• Eugene V. Debs
• Direct democracy
• Federal Reserve Act (1913)
• Gifford Pinchot
• Hepburn Act
• initiative
• Jacob Riis
• Jane Addams
• Meat Inspection Act
• muckrakers
• New Freedom
• New Nationalism
• Newlands Act of 1902
• Progressive Party
• Progressives / progressivism
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• recall
• referendum
• Rule of Reason
• Settlement houses
• socialism
• Square Deal
• Upton Sinclair
• Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
• "Three Cs": Conservation, Corporate law, Consumer protections
• William Howard Taft

---

World War I era

WWI

Notes:

• Bolsheviks

• Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts

• "He kept us out of the war" (1916)
• Jones Act (1916)
• Liberty Loans
• Lusitania sinking (1915)
• Pancho Villa (1914)
• Russian Revolution
• Sussex Pledge (1916)
• U-Boats

• Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 (TWEA)

• War bonds
• War Industries Board
• Zimmerman Note

---

WWI aftermath

• Collective Security
• Depression of 1920-1921
• Fourteen Points
• League of Nations
• Senate Foreign Relations Committee
• Treaty of Versailles

post-WWI & 1920s

• "America First"
• Black Tuesday
• Court-packing scheme
• deficit spending
• Dust Bowl
• Harlem Renaissance
• Hoover
• Immigration Act of 1924
• League of Nations
• Lusitania/Zimmerman Note
• National Origins Act
• New Deal

• Palmer Raids

• Proclamation of Neutrality
• prohibition
• pump-priming

• Red Scare

• Return to ‘normalcy’
• Roarding Twenties
• Sacco and Vanzetti
• Scopes Trial
• Teapot Dome Scandal
• Wilsonianism

---

1920s

• automobiles
• consumerism
• credit
• Bathtub gin
• Harlem Renaissance
• Jazz Age
• Klu Klux Klan
• Margin buying
• radio
• refrigerators
• Scopes "Monkey" Trial

---

Stock Market Crash & Hoover Administration

Notes:

• the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
  • the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
  • it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
  • it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954

---

• Black Thursday

• Black Monday

• Black Tuesday

• "buying on margin"

• Hawley-Smoot Tariff

• Hoovervilles

• margin call

• • speculative bubble

FDR Administration & Great Depression

• 100 Days
• 20th Amendment
• 21st Amendment
• bank run
• Brain Trust
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)
• fireside chats
• Harry Hopkins
• NRA
• "New Deal"
• Francis Perkins
• Social Security
• Supreme Court
• "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"

= New Deal legislation & Agencies

• Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

---

World War II

pre-WWII

• A Philip Randolph
• America First Committee
• appeasement
• Battle of Britain
• “cash and carry”
• election of 1940
• isolationism
• Lend-Lease Act
• Lindburgh
• Maginot Line
• Munich Agreement
• "Peace for our time"
• Poland invasion
• Sudetenland
• U.S. Neutrality Acts
• "war footing"
• war preparations

---

WWII

• "arsenal of democracy"
• D-Day
• Eastern Front
• Hiroshima, Nagasaki
• Homefront
• Island Hopping
• Japanese Internment Camps
• Korematsu v. U.S.
• Manhattan Project
• mechanized warfare
• propaganda
• rationing
• recycling
• Rosie the Riviter
• Truman’s decision
• "Victory Gardens"
• war bonds

Post-War plans/ conferences

• Potsdam Conference

• Tehran Conference

• Yalta Conference

End of WWII

• 22nd amendment
• Nuremburg Trials
• United Nations

---

Latter-half 20th Century

Notes:

• WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
  • all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
  • the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
• a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
  • students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism

Early Cold War Foreign Affairs

• Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
• Bretton Woods Conference
• capitalism
• Chiang Kai-shek
• China, loss of
• communism
• containment policy
• George F. Kennan
• Greek Civil War
• ideology/ ideological
• Iron Curtain / Iron Curtain speech
• Israel/ Palestine
• Long Telegram / Article “X”
• Mao Zedong
• Marshall Plan
• NATO
• NATO/Warsaw Pact
• NSC-68
• proxy war
• SEATO
• sphere/s of influence
• Suez Canal Crisis
• Truman Doctrine
• Turkey
• United Nations
• UK sterling crisis
• Warsaw Pact

Atomic age

• atmospheric testing
• atomic testing
• bombers
• A-bomb
• Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
• German scientists
• H-bomb
• brinkmanship
• ICBM
• Nike missile system
• MAD/ mutually-assured destruction
• anti-ballistic missile
• nuclear shield

Korean War

• Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
• Chinese Revolution

---

Cold War diplomacy

• East, the
• hegemony / hegemonic power
• nation-building
• Palestine partition
• Security Council
• Third World
• unaligned nations
• United Nations
• West, The

Eisenhower period

• CIA
• containment
• containment in Asia
• containment in Europe
• containment in Latin America
• containment in the Middle East
• Cuba
• Domino Theory
• Dwight Eisenhower
• Eisenhower Doctrine
• HUAC Committee
• Joseph McCarthy
• Marshall Plan
• McCarthyism
• "military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
• Suez crisis

---

Domestic US Cold War

• Executive Order 9835
• Second Red Scare
• McCarthyism
• HUAC
• Hollywood 10
• McCarren Act
• Rosenbergs
• Alger Hiss
• Space Race

Kennedy

• Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Berlin Wall
• CIA activity under Kennedy
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Domino Theory
• Bay of Pigs
• Hot-Line
• Robert F. Kennedy
• Limited Test Ban Treaty
• quarantine v. blockade
• Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
• Peace Corps

---

Vietnam War

• French involvement, 1954-1955
• US involvement, 1959-1973

Eisenhower period of Vietnam War

• Dien Bien Phu

Kennedy period of Vietnam War

• JFK
• Robert McNamara
• "Whiz Kids"
• “flexible response”
• advisors
• Camelot
• assassination

Johnson period of Vietnam War

• bombing campaigns
• escalation
• Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
• Tet Offensive (1968)
• Walter Cronkite
• U.S. public opinion
• Vietnamization
• War Powers Acts
• Gulf of Tonkin
• Attrition
• Hearts and Minds
• Rolling Thunder
• My Lai Massacre
• Escalation

Nixon period of Vietnam War

• China
• Operation Linebacker II
• Christmas bombings
• "silent majority”
• Paris Peace Accords
• Bombing of Laos and Cambodia
• Paris Peace Accords
• opening of China
• Kissinger
• Pentagon Papers
• White House protests

Vietnam War protest movements

• draft, the
• hippies
• protests
• Kent State
• Jackson State

post-Nixon

• Fall of Saigon
• Cambodian genocide
• Pol Pot

---

post-WWII Domestic U.S

1950s culture

• baby boom
• "Fair Deal" (1945-49)
• suburbia
• rock'n'roll
• conformity
• Interstate Highway Act

Civil Rights

• “Little Rock Nine”
• Brown v. Board of Education
• civil disobedience
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Executive Order 9981
• Jackie Robinson
• Malcolm X
• March on Washington
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Montgomery bus boycott
• nonviolence
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• George Wallace

Other Civil Rights and Political Movements

• American Indian Movement (AIM)
• Cesar Chavez
• Chicano Movement
• environmentalism
• Grapes Boycott
• Michael Harrington
• "Incorporation" Cases
• Roe v. Wade
• Silent Spring
• women’s liberation movement (NOW)
• Wounded Knee Incident

Johnson

• Great Society
• War on Poverty

1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter

• Watergate
• pardoning of Nixon
• stagflation
• Afghanistan
• Olympic boycott
• Iranian hostage crisis
• OPEC
• oil embargo
• Camp David Accords

Reagan era

• Iran-Contra Affair
• John Stockton
• Landslide
• Star Wars
• "Reagan Revolution”
• Reaganomics
• Supply-side economics

End of the Cold War

• George HW Bush
• Military spending cuts
• Gulf War
• Bill Clinton
• Peace Dividend
• NAFTA
• service sector economy
• New Immigration
• Haiti
• Yugoslavia and Bosnia
• Rwanda

---

21st Century

War on Terror

• September 11th
• Al Queda
• Afghanistan War
• Iraq
• Patriot Act

Obama Administration

• Great Recession
• ISIS
• Affordable Care Act
• Obama Care
• DREAM Act

Third Party movements

• notes
  • third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
    • or a split within them
  • elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
    • or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position

Party	Election	% of Popular Vote	Notes
Anti-Masonic Party	1832	7.8%	opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups); the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
Liberty Party	1844	2.3%	abolitionist, anti-slavery party
Free Soil	1848	10.1%	opposed expansion of slavery into new territories former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848 formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
	1852	4.9%
Know Nothing (American Party)	1856	21.6%	anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement former president Millard Filmore was candidate
Four-way split	1860		Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8% Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1% Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6% Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
Liberal Republican	1872	43.8%	candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York Tribune opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South) opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
Greenback Party	1876	0.99%	soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative) anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
	1880	3.35%
Prohibition Party	1884	1.5%	single issue: temperance persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
	1888	2.2%
	1896	.094%
	1900	1.51%
	1904	1.92%
	1912	1.38%
	1916	1.19%
Populist Party	1892	8.5%	agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement pro-soft money
Socialist Party	1904	2.98%	Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
	1908	2.83%
	1912	6%
	1916	3.19%
	1920	3.41%
	1932	2.23%
Progressive Party	1912	27%	Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912 Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%) with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
Progressive	1924	16.6%	a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused) former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
Dixiecrat Progressive	1948	2.4% 2.4%	independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman Dixiecrats were souther segregationists Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
American Independent	1968	13.5%	led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
John Anderson (Independent candidate)	1980	6.6%	Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party)	1992	18.9%	populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
	1996	8.4%
Green Party	2000	2.74%	Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
Libertarian	2016	3.28%	Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate)	2024	?	son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump critical of the COVID response and medical regime

Economic crises

Panic of 1857	1857-1859	national financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust) and declines in the railroad industry the downturn was also result of
Panic of 1873	1873-1877	bank runs in New York financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers impacted Europe started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879

---