Talk:AP World History: Modern units review

APWH class notes

Unit 1 (1200-1450): State Building

Song China maintained its rule through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy. Buddhism continued to shape China’s society . The Song economy flourished during this period

• Song China expanded the Civil Service Exam (Meritocracy)
  • People are appointed to Bureaucracy because they are most fit for it, not because of the status they were born in
• Imperial Bureaucracy - A group of people who work in the government to make sure the will of the emperor is followed throughout the empire
  • Song Dynasty expanded it
• Buddhism → Outside Influence from India
  • Buddhism in SE Asia took the form of Theravada Buddhism (Personal Spiritual Growth)
  • Buddhism in China & Korea took the form of Mahayana Buddhism (Spiritual Growth for All Beings)
    • Zen (Chen) Buddhism → Blend of Buddhism and Daoism
    • Meditation, Direct Experience of Reality
    • Filial Piety → Organized Families & Society
      • Obedience to One’s Parents & Male Head
    • Foot Binding → High Social Status Sign
      • Women's feet are wrapped at a young age to prevent the growth
      • Unable to walk around; kept women at the home
    • Song Economy
      • Champa Rice → Entered China from the Vietnam region
        • Ripened Quickly, Greatly Expanded Chinese Production
        • Population “Explosion”
      • Grand Canal → Internal Waterway & Transportation
        • United China economically for trade
      • Tribute System
        • Various states around China had to offer goods & money to honor the emperor.
        • Those who paid tribute were able to trade with China
        • China had economic power over other states
  • Tibetan Region saw a more outwardly expressed form

As the Abbasid Caliphate declined, new Islamic political entities emerged and they engaged in expansion, while creating the occasion for intellectual innovations and transfer

• As the Song Dynasty flourished, the Abbasid Caliphate began to crumble
• Delhi Sultanate (Northern India), Mamluk Sultanate (Egypt) began to rise
  • Different from Abbasid because they were made up of Turkic Muslims, not Arab or Persian
  • Formed a Cultural Region bound together by Islam
• Expansion
  • Military (ie. Delhi Sultanate)
  • Merchants → Trade Routes (Silk Roads)
    • Cultural Diffusion
  • Sufism (Islam) → more able to adapt to local forms and cultures without damaging the faith.
    • Islamic Purification
• Innovations → Algebra, Trig (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)
• Literature → Poetry with Sufi themes
• Cultural Transfers
  • Muslims in Spain translated Greek Classics into Arabic
  • Indian Mathematics to Europeans

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam deeply influenced state-building in South and Southeast Asia

• Delhi Sultanate → Established in Northern India
  • A majority of India was Hindu
  • Some Hindus converted, but many did not
  • Jizya tax on Hindus for not converting to Muslim
  • Many lower-caste Hindus switched to Islam to “move up in the world”
• Vijayanagara Empire (South) → Hindu Kingdom
  • 2 Brothers from Delhi Sultanate were sent to the South to Claim Land
    • Switched back to Hindu and established a rival empire
• Bhakti Movement
  • Strong Attachment to a particular deity (like Sufi Muslim)
  • Could easily attach to other cultures

• SE Asia was heavily involved in trade
• Srivijaya Empire (Hindu) → Taxed trade
• Majapahit Kingdom (Buddhist) → Controlled Sea Routes
• Land-Based Kingdoms
  • Khmer Empire →  Complex Irrigation and Drainage
    • Began Hindu and then Changed to Buddhist
    • Angkor Wat → Buddhist Temple with Hindu Inspiration (Blended)

The various civilizations of the Americas developed strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief systems

• Cahokia → Mississippian Culture
  • Largest Urban Center of the Mississippian Cultures
  • Mound Builders → Religious/Ceremonial/Elite Residential Purposes
  • Class System → Each town had a ruler, priests, etc.
    • Complex civilizations in the Americas
• Mexica (People); Aztec (Empire)
  • Tenochtitlan → Capital City
    • Ziggurats → Monuments
    • Marketplaces
    • 200,000 Inhabitants
  • Tribute System → Sent governors to take tribute from those they’ve conquered
    • Paid in land, money, military, goods & services, etc.
    • Economic & Political Dominance
• Inca Empire
  • Provinces had Governors & Bureaucracies
  • Mit’a System → Men aged 15-50 had to provide public service
    • Roads, Agriculture, etc.

African state-building was facilitated through participation in trade networks and religion

• Trade networks & Religion helped build Empires
• Great Zimbabwe → grew because of its location on trade routes
  • Agriculture, Gold, etc.
  • Indian Ocean Trade Network connected them to the Middle East, South Asia, SE Asia, East Asia
  • Merchants helped develop a new language → Swahili
    • Mixed Bantu and Arabic
    • Islamic Merchants were responsible for the emergence of this language
  • Massive protective walls around their capital
  • Died near the end of the 1400s due to not having enough food, etc.
• Ethiopia → 12th Century; Christian Kingdom in Africa
  • Monumental Architecture (Stone Churches)
    • Put Power on Display
  • Developed outside of Europe (not much outside influence)
  • A very syncretic blend of Christian and traditional beliefs
  • Kinship Based Communities
    • Men did specialized skills
    • Women did agricultural work

State building in Europe was characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies

• Roman Catholic Church
• Outside Beliefs
  • Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
  • Some Jews in Europe too
  • Helped shape European society
• Political Systems → Decentralized
  • Feudalism → A system of loyalty between different classes of people
    • Based on Land-ownership
    • Organized society
    • Kings → Lords → Nobles → Knights & Peasants (Serfs), etc.
    • Manorial System → Serfs were tied to the land
    • Agriculture: 3 field-system → Crop Rotation
      • Planted in 2, Left 1 Empty
      • Abundance of Food
  • More monarchs rose who shifted away from Feudal lords
    • Established bureaucracy
    • Created massive armies

Unit 2 (1200-1450): Trade & Exchange

Innovations expanded the scope of trade routes

• Key Innovations
  • Navigation → Compass, Astrolabe, Lateen Sail, Camel Saddle
  • Trade → Caravanserai (trade safety), Paper Money (within China, exchanges were easier; less universal than today), new ships (Chinese Junks)
• Impacts of Trade & Exchange
  • Land-based Routes had more precious trade
    • “A boat can carry more than a camel”
    • More common materials on boats, still some luxuries
    • Land-based routes had more silks, spices, etc.
      • Make the trip “worth it”
• Results of Trade
  • Trade of Ideas, Culture
  • Cultural Diffusion → Rapid Spread of Islam
  • Dar-al Islam created a huge Islamic trade world (similar to Pax Mongolica)
    • Allowed for Trade to Flourish
  • Spread of Knowledge
    • Asia → Development of Algebra (House of Wisdom, Baghdad)
    • Works translated, allowed for the renaissance

States that promoted innovation and trade grew in importance

• China, Dar-al Islam, West Africa, and the Mongols focused on using the trade routes to benefit their power
• Nomadic Groups → People coming in and out of empires to trade, etc.
  • Mongols were one of the biggest
  • Became a source of strength once people were able to control them
  • Keep civilizations relevant by keeping people visiting
• Song China
  • Actively expanding their university system (Scholar Gentry, Bureaucracy)
    • Recruiting peasants from rural areas
    • Scholars helped them run their states
    • Sacrificed some military strength for this
      • Began to shrink from the north as nomadic groups came in
  • More stable systems of food → Population Growth
  • Port cities began to boom (On one end of the Indian Ocean Trade & Silk Roads)
  • Ended curfew to further facilitate the spread of Ideas
  • Very tolerant toward other beliefs → Improved trade
    • Build a Jewish Synagogue
    • Tolerant towards Islam
    • Medieval Europe was kicking out Jews/Islam while the rest of the world was letting them in
• Dar-al Islam → Islamic World
  • House of Wisdom → Exchange of Ideas
  • Muslims focused on star patterns so they were able to pray toward Mecca and further improve trading (Innovation because of Beliefs)
  • Acknowledged the importance of traders
    • Wanted further presence to spread Islam (didn’t spread directly, but presence helped spread)
  • Western Africa
    • Mansu Musa → Hajj helped improve Timbuktu
      • Allowed for a huge Educational State
      • Mali Empire
• Big/Small “Fish” on Trade Routes
  • Big Empires: Mali, Song China, Dar-al Islam
  • Smaller Empires: Vijayanagara, Majapahit, etc.
    • Taxed Trade heavily → Earned wealth off of that

The Mongols created the ultimate trading empire from 1200-1450

• Took ideas that made other states powerful and did all of them at the same time
• Used innovations to expand their influence (especially in military ideas → horses, bows, cannons, etc.)
  • Used scholars to create innovations (ex. cannons)
• Mongols ruled with a lot of tolerance
• Tried to unite the large trading route under Pax Mongolica
  • Made the Silk Road extremely safe
  • Actively promoted innovation in Khanates
  • Adopted weaver script (from China)
  • Recognized that the control of trade routes was very important
• Religion helped unify the world and empires throughout this period (leaders make more about them later)
• Different Khanates adapted to their regions
  • China → Yuan Dynasty adopted Buddhism under Kublai Khan
    • “If it ain’t broke don’t fix it”
  • Many Khanates began to learn Arabic

Cultural diffusion and technological exchange brought states out of the “medieval” era

• New Era of Bigger Empires
  • Ottomans in Constantinople
  • Columbus in Americas
• Europeans use a lot of Eastern technologies to help conquer the Americas
  • Lateen Sails, Compass, Gunpowder, etc.
• Black Death spreads to Europe from the Mongols
  • ⅓ of the European population died
  • The value of Serfs began to increase → Began to get new jobs
  • European crusades allowed for more knowledge about the Eastern World
    • Want to involve themselves in the Eastern trade more

Unit 3 (1450-1750): Land-Based Empires

Various land-based empires developed and expanded throughout 1450-1750, most significantly through the use of gunpowder

• Ottoman Empire → Founded in the 14th Century
  • Gained significant control of Dardanelles Strait
  • Expanded through the use of Gunpowder Weapons
  • Fierce Military Powder led to a lot of expansion
    • Janissaries → Enslaved Christians who were converted to Islam and trained in military tactics (most willing to use Gunpowder)
• Safavid Empire → Founded in 1501 under Shah Isma’il I
  • Shi’ite (Shi’a) Dynasty → Placed them against the Mughals & Ottomans (Sunni)
  • Shah Abbas built up the military with Gunpowder Weapons
    • Enslaved Army (like the Janissaries)
• Mughal Empire → Founded in 1526 by Babur
  • Displaced Delhi Sultanate with Gunpowder
  • Akbar (Babur’s Grandson) spread the Mughals to cover a majority of the continent (South Asia)
    • Akbar was very tolerant, allowed for widespread expansion
• Qing Dynasty
  • Mongol rule in China began to decline → Ming Dynasty established
  • Ming began to struggle due to internal division and external wars
    • Around the 1600s, the Manchu people raided China and established themself as leaders of the Qing dynasty
    • A majority of Chinese were Han (ethnic rivalries)
• Safavid-Mughal Conflict (17th Century)
  • Conflicting Territorial Ambitions & Religious Beliefs
  • No clear victor
• Songhai-Moroccan Conflict (NW Africa)
  • Songhai Empire was very rich as a result of the Trans-Saharan Trade
    • Weakened from Internal Divisions
  • Moroccans invaded with Gunpowder Weapons (Songhai had none)

Rulers of Land-Based empires gained power by establishing bureaucracies, sponsoring the creation of art, centralizing tax collection, and developing large militaries

• How do rulers become more powerful?
  • Rulers legitimizing power → What methods does this ruler use to communicate who is in charge.
  • Rulers consolidating power → What methods are used to transfer power to another group
  • Both made use of Large Bureaucracy
• Large Bureaucracies formed (ie. Devshirme System → Staffed Enslaved Christians)
• Development of Military Professionals (ie. Janissaries)
  • Samurai in Tokugawa Shogunate paid by the government
• Religious Ideas → Art & Architecture are used to consolidate & legitimize power
  • European kings & queens claimed to rule by Divine Right
    • “Appointed by God” to Rule
  • Louis XIV of France used Architecture to consolidate his rule
    • Palace of Versailles → Forced Nobles to live in Palace (had control, less power)
  • Aztec Human Sacrifice
    • Great display of wealth & rituals to communicate the legitimacy of power to the people (as state & religion was closely tied together)
  • Incan Temple of Cuzco → Incan rulers built the Sun Temple
    • Covered in sheets of gold, statues, etc.
    • Rulers associated with gods
  • Qing Dynasty → Manchu
    • Imperial portraits of Emperor
    • Used to Convince Han that he was a legitimate ruler
• Tax Collection Systems
  • Zamindars in the Mughal Empire → Muslims ruled over Hindus
    • Elite land-owners who taxed peasants who lived on their land
  • Ottoman Empire → Tax Farming
    • Rights to Tax people went to the “highest bidders”
    • Sometimes charged a little more
  • Tribute Lists in the Americas
    • Lists provided to conquered areas for goods they must provide to Imperial powers

Belief systems played different roles in land-based empires. In some cases, shared beliefs bound people together. In other cases, various beliefs caused conflict.

• Christianity in Europe
  • Christianity began to fracture (Protestant Reformation)
    • Martin Luther & The 95 Theses → Opposed Catholic Church
      • Opposed sale of indulgences
      • Printing Press allowed for ideas to quickly spread throughout Europe
      • Many Catholic and Protestant churches → Rulers either remained Catholic or forced Protestant among the people
      • The religious division led to many religious wars
    • Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation)
      • Made reforms for many reforms which addressed the corruption Luther complained about
      • Catholic Church had a lot of continuities
      • Council of Trent → Reaffirmed ancient doctrines
        • Made the split between Catholics and Protestants permanent
• Sunni vs Shia Split (Islam) → Intensified throughout this period
• New belief systems created
  • Sikhism in South Asia → Mix of Islam and Hindu created by Akbar in the Mughal Empire
  • Some continuities remained, however a lot of changes were made as well

Unit 4 (1450-1750): Transoceanic Connections

New and updated maritime technology facilitated transoceanic trade and the development of sea-based empires

• Some technology was borrowed, some were borrowed & updated, etc.
  • Europe used a lot of older items to begin to build their sea-based empires
  • Astrolabe, Magnetic Compass, Lateen Sail
• New Ships Created
  • Caravel → Portuguese (Smaller Faster, More Navigable) → Better for Trading
  • Fluyt → Dutch (Enabled Dutch East India Company to dominate Indian Ocean Trade)

European state-sponsored exploration led to a rapid expansion of trade and trans-Atlantic contact with the Americas

• Reasons state sponsor exploration
  • Wealth-Building → Interest in gaining access to the Indian Ocean Trade
  • Spread Christianity → States will spread their faith as they begin to grow in power
  • Competition with other states
• First Movers → The Portuguese
  • Trading-Post Empire → Began to establish Trading Posts along the coast of Africa and the Indian Ocean
  • Spice Trade Monopoly
• Ferdinand and Isabella from Spain sponsored Christopher Columbus
  • Ended up in the Americas
  • Drastically increased European interest in trans-Atlantic trade

The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of animals, plants, foods, and diseases from Europe to the Americas, and vice versa

• Crops Transferred:
  • Americas → Europe: Potatoes, Maize
  • Europe → Americas: Wheat, Rice
  • Okra and Rice were brought into the Americas by slaves
  • Populations in both places began to expand their diets which allowed them to be healthy
• Animals Transferred:
  • Americas → Europe: Turkeys
  • Europe → Americas: Horses
    • Allowed for much better conquests, travel, etc.
• Diseases introduced in the Americas by the Europeans
  • Smallpox, Measles, Malaria
  • “The Great Dying”
• Portuguese Colonization
  • Colonized Brazil
  • Agricultural (Cash Crops) Focus
    • Growing crops with means of exporting to foreign markets
    • Sugar Cane
  • Initially forced the indigenous population into coerced labor →
  • Died from Disease, Escaped More Easily
    • Increase in Demand for Slaves (from Africa)

With Transoceanic contact established, European states established empires fueled by mercantilist economic policy and coerced labor systems

• Mercantilism
  • Very state-driven economic policy
  • Saw the world’s wealth as a “pie” → Measured in Minerals
    • Competition
  • Colonies established for the enrichment of the homeland (provide raw materials & new markets for their goods)

The development of maritime empires over time significantly changed the economies and societies in which they were established

• Rise of Joint-Stock Companies
  • Groups of individuals invested capital in companies
  • Invested in Exploration
  • BEIC, VOC, etc.
  • Allowed for more exploration → state involved
• Rivalries
  • Moroccan Conflict with Songhai Empire → Moroccan Empire successfully overtook the Songhai Empire
    • Difficult to maintain power across the Sahara
• Atlantic Trade System
  • Triangular Trade → Flow of goods between Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe
• Religion
  • Syncretism → Blending of religious ideas
  • Conflict

As states imposed their cultural, political, and economic will on various colonized and enslaved people, resistance occurred

• Africans perceived some Portuguese as intruders
  • Some issued policies to restrict intrusion
    • Tokugawa Japan faced Christian missionaries → Japan sought to expel European Influence
• British has their focus on India → Established trading posts in coastal India (BEIC)
  • Began to take advantage of contention between Muslims and Hindus
  • Able to insert themselves and have a larger political influence
• Aztec and Incan Empires quickly collapsed after Spain attacked
  • Disease had a major role in Spain’s victory
• Treaty of Tordesillas → Divided up the Americas for Spain and Portugal
• Spanish established new labor systems in the Americas
  • Encomienda System → coercive labor system in which Spanish leaders compelled indigenous people to work their plantations
  • Hacienda System → Attempt to improve Encomienda System, Less tied to the crown, still made use of coerced labor
• Spanish Imperial Government transformed the Mit’a system into a system of coerced labor
  • Young men were sent to work in silver mines for the European Economy
• * Europeans in the Indian Ocean Trade
  • Portuguese caused a massive disruption → used the military to dominate trade
  • Europeans turned to Africa to find slave labor
    • Carried across middle passage (terrible conditions)
  • Century-long population decline in African states
  • African Impact on the Americas
    • Enriched the language and culture of their new
• Maratha Rebellion (South Asia)
  • Hindu Warriors rebelled against what they believed to be an invasion of their beliefs
  • Ended Mughal Empire → Replaced with the Maratha Empire
• Pueblo Revolts (Spanish North America)
  • Spanish tried to force beliefs & conversion
  • Hundreds of Spanish killed, churches were burnt, etc.
  • Spanish came back and won

Social categories, roles, and practices were both maintained and underwent significant change during this period

• Qing Dynasty was established by the Manchu
  • Retained some Chinese institutions
    • Civil Service Exam
    • Bureaucracy
  • Restrictive Policies against Han Chinese (natives)
    • Required Han to wear hair in Manchurian Styles
      • Severe Punishments
• Casta System created a new social hierarchy
  • Based society on ancestry and race

Unit 5 (1750-1900): Revolutions

The Enlightenment and nationalism fueled revolutions around the Atlantic World

• Social Contract & Natural Rights (John Locke)
  • Philosophers begin to figure out how power should be distributed
  • Enlightenment Philosophers believed that natural rights needed to be protected under the Social Contract
    • Step away from absolute monarchy
• The emergence of the idea that the government needs to offer some power to the people
• American Revolution (1776)
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Replaced King George with a president & the 3 branches of government
  • Not much change to the social hierarchy
• Adam Smith Established The Wealth of Nations (1776)
• French Revolution (don’t need to know much about it)
  • How did the French Revolution impact other revolutions in the Americas?
    • Haitian Revolution → Enslaved, black people overthrowing enslavers and creating the first black republic
      • Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
      • Caused by French Revolution: French distracted by their rev.
    • Napoleon conquered Spain
      • Creoles create an informal government in the Americas while the King is imprisoned
      • Creoles can rule their land
• Documents to Know
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Inspired by DOI)
  • Simon Bolivar’s Letter from Jamaica
• Empiricism → Look around you and make your own decisions on what’s going on in the world
• Capitalism was a very enlightened economic system in this period
  • “Enlightenment Mercantilism”
• Groups inspired by revolutions across the world and the rise up in nationalist movements
  • Germany & Italy Unified, Filipino Nationalism, Maori Tribes, Balkan Groups, etc.

Industrialization began in England and spread quickly to young states who actively promoted industrial growth

• Reasons Industrialization Started in England
  • Access to Rivers & Canals
  • Access to Coal, Iron, and Timber
  • Urbanization
  • Increased Agricultural Production
  • Legal Protection of Private Property
    • Younger states had newer constitutions that protected private property
  • Excess capital from the slave trade
• Industrialization → Building Factories, Specialization of Labor
• Innovations
  • Steam Engine & Internal Combustion Engine
• Spread of Industrialization
  • Germany, USA, Japan (later), etc.

Western economies shifted from mercantilism to free-market policies in their states while expanding their economic influence around the globe

• Get rid of government oversight and leave it to the free-markets
• Capitalist countries were larger in exploration & colonization
• Built massive empires abroad that didn’t match homeland rules
• Movement of Resources
  • Trains, Railroads, Steamships, Telegraphs, etc.
• Cecil Rhodes (Trans-African Railroad)
• Andrew Carnegie → Became wealthy off of factories

Many long-established governments were often aware of modernizing

• Modernization → What is England doing?
  • Are you Industrializing
  • Are you adopting Enlightenment ideas
  • Are you uniting around Nationalism
• Land-Based Empires
  • Ottomans, Qing, & Mughals were unable to adapt
  • Limited benefit for modernizing → Large struggle
• Japan (Meiji Restoration)
  • US Navy goes to force Japan open → Forced to sign an unequal treaty
  • Get rid of the Shogun and restore the Emperor
    • Samurai abolished, helped to recover
  • Rapid Modernization
  • State-wide nationalism toward Industrialization
  • Western (German) Government adapted
  • Nationalization efforts
  • Education for boys and girls

Industrialization brought rapid social change and also calls for reform

• Rapid Urbanization & Industrialization → Increased standard of living
  • Electricity, Bikes, Cars, etc.
  • Not increasing at the same rate for everyone
• Entertainment, Communication
  • Telegraph, Telephone
• Pollution, Public Health Crisis
• Modern Working Structure
  • 10-12 hours/day; 6-7 days/week
• The breakup of Traditional Family Structures (poorer families)
  • Families were broken apart
  • Husband, wife, and children all go to work at factories
  • Some children were able to go to school
• Middle-class women get stuck at home
• Responses to Revolutions (Women)
  • Women, Black, etc.
  • Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
  • Seneca Falls Convention
• Labor Movement
  • Karl Marx → expected the lower class to overthrow the higher class and take over the factories
  • Workers' rights movements (socialist movements)
    • Some states are very open to them, and some are less open

Unit 6 (1750-1900): Consequences of Industrialization

Various ideologies contributed to the growing development of imperialism in the period 1750-1900

• Cultural Ideologies
  • Belief in the superiority of the White Race and European Culture
  • The White Man’s Burden
• Social Darwinism
  • Strong Nations “eat” Weak Nations
• Desire to spread Christianity
• Nationalist Motives → Everyone wants to be the greatest
• Japan begins to colonize & modernize military
  • Colonized Korea after beating China in the Sino-Japanese War
• Economic Motives (Second Industrial Revolution)
  • Industrialized nations wanted more colonies
    • More markets, more raw materials

Imperial states employed different means of consolidating power in their empires and expanding their empires

• Non-state-to-state control of colonies
  • Ex. Congo → Began as a private colony of the Belgian King Leopold II
    • Created int’l pressure to transfer the colony to the power of the state
  • India → Sepoy Rebellion led to the British Government taking direct control of India from the British East India Company
• New imperial powers overtaking older imperial powers
  • The United States → Spanish American War in 1898 allowed the US to become an Imperial power
    • Expanded into the Pacific & Philippines (previously a Spanish colony)
    • Economic Imperialism in China → Carved into Spheres of Influence
  • Japan expanded into parts of China, SE Asia, and parts of the Pacific
  • Russian Tzars expanded into parts of Poland, the Middle East, China, etc.
• The Scramble for Africa → Africa was highly desired as a result of its abundance of raw materials; which led to contention over land between European states
  • Otto von Bismarck called the Berlin Conference → Africa was divided up by European Powers; no African nations were invited
  • Peacefully divided up the continent
  • The conflict between France and Britain over claiming Sudan (almost war)
• Establishment of Settler Colonies → People from the host country moving to the imperial country
  • British New Zealand → Caused war with Maori
  • French Algeria

The new wave of imperialism during this period led to new waves of resistance from colonized people.

• Direct Resistance
  • Peru: Tupac Amaru led a rebellion against Spanish authorities after growing tired of Spanish atrocities in Peru
  • Indian Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion): Colony of India transferred to the British Government after the religious rebellion
• Creation of New States
  • New Balkan States Created in Eastern Europe
    • Nationalism swept the area and inspired them to fight for independence
    • Broke away from the Ottoman Empire
  • Establishment of Zululand in South Africa
  • Cherokee Nation in the United States
• Religious Rebellions
  • Ghost-Dance Movement in the USA
    • American government encouraged Western Expansion
    • Indigenous people displaced
    • This led to wars between the US and Indigenous peoples
  • Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in South Africa
    • Cattle began to die → believed it was because of the British disease
    • Killed cattle in an effort of awakening spirits to help oppose the British

The growing need for imperial powers to extract raw materials and increase the food supply transformed the global economy

• Cash Crops
  • Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane, Cotton, Palm Oil
• Colonial Economies are being transformed to serve the needs of urban centers and imperial hubs far away (as opposed to the people who live there)
  • Uruguay and Argentina
    • Cattle ranching became a big business to satisfy European and American desires for beef
  • Peru and Chile
    • Guano extraction → fertilizers to revitalize the soil
• Global Interconnections
  • Colonies became a source of raw materials as well as a market for finished products
  • Colonial Economies weakened due to producing cash crops

Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America

• Economic Imperialism → A situation in which one country has a serious amount of economic power over another
  • Britain & China → Opium Wars
    • The trade deficit between China and Britain
    • Britain smuggled Opium into China to reopen their trade with China
    • China banned Opium and destroyed Opium Shipments
    • British retaliated and began the Opium Wars
      • Britain won because of their superior military
      • Very industrialized military
    • British forced a free-trade agreement and ports on China
    • British had Economic (not political) control over China
    • Other states began to gain their trading rights in China
      • Spheres of Influence
  • The US invested heavily in Mexico and Cuba
    • Industrialized these areas, supported industries, etc. to grow wealthy by exporting these goods
  • British Dominance in Cotton
    • Transformed India and Egypt into cotton export-colonies

Various environmental and economic factors contributed to patterns of migration between 1750-1900

• Massive migrations occurred during this period
• Work → encountered newer labor systems
  • Slavery begins to decline and become outlawed
    • Replaced by Indentured Servitude → Work for a certain number of years to pay for passage to place of work
      • People stayed after their Intenture → Led to cultural diffusion
    • Contract Labor → Chinese and Indian workers would work for extremely low wages
    • Penal Colonies
      • Ex. Australia → Convicts sent from Britain to work for their entire lives
• Bad Conditions were often common reasons for migration
  • Poverty in India
  • Potato Famine in Ireland → Immigrated to the Americas
  • Many immigrants settled in large cities
• Ethnic Enclaves → Groups within cities that were established by a distinct ethnic group migrating to an area
• Migrants faced discrimination → Immigrants took low-wage jobs (anti-immigrant policies)
• White Australia Policy, Chinese Exclusion Act

Unit 7 (1900-Present): World Wars & Conflict

Internal and external factors contributed to a significant change in various states across the world after 1900

• Russian Revolution
  • Internal Problems
  • External Problems
    • Loss of the Crimean War
    • Loss of Russo-Japanese War
  • Bolsheviks seize power and transform Russia into the Soviet Union
• Qing China
  • Internal Problems
    • Ethnic Tension
    • Risk of Famine
    • Low Government Revenue
  • Overthrown by Sun Yat-sen
    • End of Chinese Dynasties
    • People’s Republic of China
• Mexican Revolution
  • Disputes over Land Ownership
  • Francisco Madero sought to correct internal and external problems
    • 1917 → New Constitution Written

World War I was caused by a combination of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

• MAIN Causes (Long Term)
  • Militarism → Buildup of Military weaponry
  • Alliances → Defensive groupings of nations stacked against each other
  • Imperialism → Competition between various states over colonies (ie. Scramble for Africa)
  • Nationalism → Pride in one’s national identity
    • People feel as if they belong to a group of people because of their culture
• The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Short Term)
  • Austrian Archduke killed by Serbian Nationalist

Governments used a variety of strategies to fight World War I including propaganda to mobilize their home fronts and new weapons technology on the battlefield

• Total War → Use of all assets to fight in a war
  • People left at home are being leveraged toward the war as well as on the battlefield
• Propaganda → Method of communicating biased information
  • Portrayed enemies as vicious brutes
  • Meant to cause fear
• New Technologies allowed for the war to be the deadliest in history
  • Poison Gas, Tanks, Machine Guns, etc.
  • Trench Warfare → Digging miles of trenches and firing at each other from within the trenches
    • Caused lasting stalemates
  • Many casualties
• The war ended with the Treaty of Versailles in 1918

Following WWI, governments began to take a more prominent role in their nation’s economies

• The Great Depression
  • Very bad for the global economy (specifically United States)
  • Countries being helped by the USA also impacted
  • Governments become more involved in the Economy
    • FDR’s New Deal meant to rescue the USA
• Germany’s economy ruined as a result of WWI
  • Hyperinflation
  • Rise of Fascism & the Nazi Party
    • Example of the government becoming involved in the Economy
    • Military Building
• Soviet Union
  • Stalin attempted to control the economy through the Five-Year Plan
    • Collectivization of Agriculture
    • Millions of people died of hunger

World War II was caused by the unsustainable peace agreement of WWI, the economic crisis, and the rise of fascist regimes, most notably, Nazi Germany

• Britain & France wanted to punish Germany
  • War Guilt Clause → Blamed Germany entirely for WWI
  • Reparations → Destroyed the German economy
• Treaty became a cause of WWII
• Hyperinflation led to the rise of Fascist Regimes
  • Benito Mussolini created the first Fascist Regime
• Extreme Nationalism in Germany
  • Huge push to build up the German military
  • Hitler begins to claim land around Germany
  • British & French Appeasement → Allowed Germany to do what they wanted in an effort of avoiding further war
    • Poland → WWII began with the German invasion of Poland

WWII was another total war, and totalitarian and democratic nations deployed all their nations’ resources to fight and win

• Another Total War
  • Propaganda Campaigns
  • Calling up of Colonial Powers to Fight in the War
• Mobilization of Democracies
  • The USA had been supporting Western powers
  • The USA made use of their massive industrial power to mobilize their power
  • Vehicles, planes, etc. produced in factories
  • Women begin to work in factories to support the war
• Mobilization of Totalitarian States
  • Germany used fewer citizens than the USA
    • Forced Labor → Carried out in concentration camps/forced labor camps
    • Very poor conditions for workers
  • Soviet Union
    • Gulags → Holding place for those deemed unworthy of Inclusion + Forced Labor
• Japanese Internment
  • Over 100,000 Japanese (American) people were rounded up in Western America
  • Placed in Internment Camps because they were ‘associated’ with the enemy
• New Technologies
  • Firebombing (of Tokyo) → Incendiary Bombs
    • Over 100,000 Civilians died
  • Atomic Bomb
    • Used by the USA to force Japan to surrender the war
    • Ended the war in the Pacific

The rise of extremist groups led to the attempted destruction of certain populations through genocide or ethnic violence

• Nazi Holocaust
  • Jews were sent to concentration camps (labor & death camps)
• Ukrainian Holodomor
  • Ukrainian food is taken to feed the urban population
  • Crops burnt & livestock killed → led to famine and starvation

Unit 8 (1900-Present): Cold War & Decolonization

The post-WWII world was divided between the free market and the liberal U.S. and its allies against the authoritarian communist Soviet Union and its sphere of influence

• Cold War was an economic battle between Capitalism (USA) and Communism (Soviet Union & Later China)
• The Soviets focused much more on oil, steel, weapons, etc.
  • At the expense of the people’s food, clothes, etc.
• Bipolar World → Division between Communism and Capitalism
• War of Attrition
  • The Soviet Union is trying to Spread
  • The US is trying to contain the spread
• Liberal Democracy
• Non-Aligned Movement → Nationalist leaders under 3rd world countries
  • Ghana, Indonesia, etc.
  • Tried to form their non-involved bloc

The Cold War was “fought” through military alliances, nuclear proliferation, proxy wars, & covert operations, mostly within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia

• First World: USA and Allies
• Second World: Soviet Bloc
• Third World: Everyone Else
• Nuclear Proliferation
  • Mutually Assured Destruction → Neither side will ever go to war as they do not want to break into a full nuclear war
  • Cuban Missile Crisis → Fidel Castro turned Cuba communist and they looked to the Soviets to back them up
    • Soviets sneak weapons into Cuba
    • USA forced to remove missiles from Turkey for the Soviets to remove from Cuba
• Space Race
  • Race to Moon (USA Wins)
  • Sputnik (Soviet builds first Satellite)
• Proxy Wars → US vs Soviet Union (indirectly)
  • Both countries back different sides of civil wars
    • Angolan Civil War
      • Soviets Back Marxist Side
      • USA backs the other Side
  • More limited examples → US fighting against communist states
    • Korean War
    • Vietnam War
    • Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
• Covert Operations
  • Yugoslavia did not want to be under Soviet Control
  • Congo → Belgian Colony
    • Rich in Uranium (important for Nuclear Weapons)
    • Socialist Leader (not Pro-Stalin/Communist, however)

Many postcolonial states (decolonized states) pursued dramatic reforms, including land redistribution, nationalization of foreign resources, and state-sponsored economic reorganization

• Socialist ideas were more stressed by newly decolonized states
• Land Redistribution among the People
  • Ho-Chi-Minh (Vietnam)
  • Kerala (India)
• Nationalization Examples
  • Oil in Iran
  • Egypt & The Suez Canal → British Owned
    • Nasser in Egypt nationalized the canal
• Massive State-sponsored Reorganization
  • China’s Great Leap Forward
    • China was not very industrialized (many peasants)
    • Mao Zedong wanted to industrialize to be able to compete with China & the rest of the world
    • Economic Campaign to Shift China to Industrialize
      • Encouraged Peasants to help
    • Caused the death of millions of Chinese people
    • Failure

Colonial states across the world pursued independence, either through negotiation or armed struggle.

• Ghana & Indian Peaceful Protests
  • Ghana → Kwame Nkrumah
    • The first colony to pursue peaceful independence
    • Began the Pan-African Movement (help liberate Africa & beyond)
  • India → Gandhi
    • Indian Nationalists (led by Gandhi)
    • Muslim League (led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah)
• Armed Struggle for Independence
  • Algeria & Vietnam
  • Years long war of Algeria against French control (Algeria Wins)
  • Vietnam initially fought against the French, and won, USA took over to prevent communist
    • Becomes communist state

Borders were disputed, redrawn, and created migrations and internal tensions

• Israel → Jews living in Palestine
  • UN partitioned Palestine into Israel and Palestine
  • Israel began to spread their land throughout the region
• Pakistan → Muslims ruling over a Hindu majority
• Migration
  • Filipino migration to the United States
  • South Asia (India) people moving around the British Empire
    • Indians in Africa moved to India & Britain

Individuals and groups pushed back against longstanding inequalities and power structures

• Gandhi (India), MLK (USA), and Nelson Mandella (South Africa)
  • Used civil disobedience to gain rights for historically marginalized people
• Al Quaeda → Want to fight back against outside influence
  • Osama bin Laden → Rise in Afghanistan throughout the Soviet invasion
  • USA sends money to Al Qaeda for fighting the Soviets
    • USA Prioritizing Anti-Communism over Democracies
  • Terrorist Movements

Causes of the End of the Cold War

• Military & Technological Buildup in the USA
• Weaknesses in the Soviet Union
  • The failed invasion of Afghanistan
  • Economic Weakness
  • Internal Movements for Freedom

Unit 9 (1900-Present): Globalization

New technologies increased the speed of globalization and had widespread effects on the global population in the 20th and 21st centuries

• Radio, Telephones, etc.
  • More contact with people in other cultures and throughout the world
• Transportation
  • Planes, shipping containers?
• Energy Technologies
  • Petroleum, Nuclear Power
• Medical Innovations
  • Birth Control (developed through feminist movements)
  • Vaccines (ended diseases) → wealthier nations
  • Rise of Antibiotics (reduce infections, better lives)
• Advances in Agriculture (GREEN REVOLUTION)
  • Population Growth = More people to feed
  • Commercialized Agriculture (Commercial Farming)
  • Significant Increases in Productivity (more food)

New and old diseases continue to pose a threat in the age of globalization

• Poverty Diseases
  • Antibiotics, Vaccines, etc. are used in wealthier nations
  • Diseases continued to spread in poorer nations
  • Pandemics → Ebola, Aids, COVID-19
• Pandemics cause serious social disruption
• Allow for medical and technological advances
• Old-Age Diseases
  • Increased Life Expectancy because of all these innovations
  • Heart Disease, Alzheimer's, dementia, etc.

Globalization has created some significant environmental problems with various attempted solutions

• Deforestation → Room for more farmland needed
• Desertification → Fertile agricultural land becomes more like a desert
  • Result of the use of harmful chemicals
• Decline of Air Quality
  • Great Smog in London (1950s)
• More freshwater consumption → water pollution
• Climate Change → Movements to limit carbon emissions

Both the nature and scope of the globalized economy have changed significantly since 1900

• The proliferation of free-market economies
  • Many states adopted free market economies after the fall of the Soviet Union
    • Ex. USA under Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret Thatcher
• Rise of Knowledge Economies
  • Wealthier companies began to major in knowledge work (ie. Finland, Japan, etc.)
    • Focus on new ideas for making things, managing the process, etc.
  • Less developed countries become manufacturing hubs of the world (ie. Mexico, Vietnam)
• Multinational Corporations → Companies that are hosted in one country, but do business throughout the entire world
  • Make use of Knowledge of Countries and Manufacturing Hubs
  • Ex. Nestle
• Global Free-Trade Agreements
  • An agreement between countries that reduce
  • NAFTA (Canada, US, Mexico), ASEAN (SE Asia)

Since 1900, increasing globalization has led to calls for reform in terms of human rights and economic inequality

• South African Apartheid (White Control over Black Majority) (Race)
  • Nelson Mandella was imprisoned for efforts to end segregation
  • Mandella was freed and becomes president of South Africa
• Caste Reservation System in India (Class)
  • Lower castes were discriminated against
  • Reserves jobs for these lower groups
• UN hosts first World Conference for Women (Gender)
  • Right for Women to Vote (Suffrage)
• Rise of Liberation Theology in Latin America (Religion)
  • Teaching that Christ was always with the poor and against the rich
  • Negritude Movement → Artistic movement which celebrated “blackness”
• Rich Nations become Richer, Poor Nations become Poorer

After 1900, culture became increasingly globalized.

• Music
  • Spread of Reggae from Jamaica (Bob Marley)
  • K-Pop (ew, sorry) from South Korea
• Movies
  • Hollywood, Bollywood (Indian Movie Industry), etc.

Despite all the benefits of globalization, there have also been significant resistance movements against its effects

• Less developed nations experienced globalization as a threat
  • Environmental Degradation
  • Human Rights Abuses
    • Children and People in LDCs work in harsh conditions for minimal pay

Globalization has changed the way nations and states interact across the world

• The Formation of the United Nations
  • UN was formed after WWII to maintain World Peace
  • Economic Cooperation between countries

Key People to Know

Admiral Zheng He → Sailed into the Indian

Christopher Columbus → Voyages to Americas, Columbian Exchange

Simon Bolivar → Letter from Jamaica, Latin American Independence Movements

Adam Smith → Capitalism

Karl Marx → Marxism & Communism

Adolf Hitler → World War II & Nazi (Fascist) Regime

Gandhi, MLK, and Nelson Mandela → Nonviolence Movements

Key Texts/Documents to Know

Declaration of Independence → American Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen → French Revolution Constitution, Inspired by Declaration of Independence (America)

Simon Bolivar’s Letter from Jamaica → Latin American Independence

This is a student email account managed by Upper Merion Area School District. The contents of this email are governed by the laws of the state and the board policies of the school district. Bromley (talk) 17:12, 6 August 2024 (UTC)