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Ancient Egypt: Difference between revisions
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** Hyksos invasion -- migration, settlement (conquest?) of Nile Delta leads to collapse of 13th dynasty and the Middle Kingdom | ** Hyksos invasion -- migration, settlement (conquest?) of Nile Delta leads to collapse of 13th dynasty and the Middle Kingdom | ||
===Hyksos invasion=== | === Hyksos invasion === | ||
* '''Hyksos Summary''' | |||
** Hyksos conquest result of: | |||
*** food supply pressures in Middle East promote migration | |||
*** Middle Kingdom central control weaker than Old Kingdom | |||
*** Egypt further weakened by climate change and increasing migration | |||
** "Asiatic" migration was gradual and eventually led to military conquest -- not a sudden invasion | |||
** Delta region conquered by Hyksos was less unified than Upper Egypt which Egyptians were better able to defend | |||
** invasion/migration period = Egypt no longer culturally and technologically isolated | |||
** Hyksos episode changes Egypt culturally and leads to Egyptian New Kingdom expansion and empire | |||
Click EXPAND for entry on Hyksos invasion | |||
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* Hyksos period = 1678-1570 BC | * Hyksos period = 1678-1570 BC | ||
* Middle Kingdom rulers previously concerned with invasions and built defensive walls along the eastern border of the Delta (see [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/building/fortifications_2.htm "Wall of the Prince"]) | * Middle Kingdom rulers previously concerned with invasions and built defensive walls along the eastern border of the Delta (see [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/building/fortifications_2.htm "Wall of the Prince"]) | ||
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** Hyksos rule becomes Egyptian | ** Hyksos rule becomes Egyptian | ||
** Hyksos absorbed into Egyptian culture, but Egypt now culturally connected to and influenced by Levant peoples (Middle East) | ** Hyksos absorbed into Egyptian culture, but Egypt now culturally connected to and influenced by Levant peoples (Middle East) | ||
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* primary source references: | * primary source references: | ||
** see [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/merikare_papyrus.htm The Instruction of Merikare] for primary source indiciation of "Asiatic" invasions and settlements in Lower Egypt | ** see [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/merikare_papyrus.htm The Instruction of Merikare] for primary source indiciation of "Asiatic" invasions and settlements in Lower Egypt | ||
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* oversaw expansion of Egypt | * oversaw expansion of Egypt | ||
** Amenhotep bragged: | ** Amenhotep bragged: | ||
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<pre>"And I ordered to build twelve warships with rams, dedicated to Amun or Sobek, or Maat and Sekhmet, whose image was crowned best bronze noses. Carport and equipped outside rook over the waters, for many paddlers, having covered rowers deck not only from the side, but and top. and they were on board eighteen oars in two rows on the top and sat on two rowers, and the lower – one, a hundred and eight rowers were. And twelve rowers aft worked on three steering oars. And blocked Our Majesty ship inside three partitions (bulkheads) so as not to drown it by ramming the wicked, and the sailors had time to repair the hole. And Our Majesty arranged four towers for archers – two behind, and two on the nose and one above the other small – on the mast with narrow loopholes. they are covered with bronze in the fifth finger (3.2mm), as well as a canopy roof and its rowers. and they have (carried) on the nose three assault heavy crossbow arrows so they lit resin or oil with a salt of Seth (probably nitrate) tore a special blend and punched (?) lead ball with a lot of holes (?), and one of the same at the stern. and long ship seventy five cubits (41m), and the breadth sixteen, and in battle can go three-quarters of iteru per hour (about 6.5 knots)... </pre> | <pre>"And I ordered to build twelve warships with rams, dedicated to Amun or Sobek, or Maat and Sekhmet, whose image was crowned best bronze noses. Carport and equipped outside rook over the waters, for many paddlers, having covered rowers deck not only from the side, but and top. and they were on board eighteen oars in two rows on the top and sat on two rowers, and the lower – one, a hundred and eight rowers were. And twelve rowers aft worked on three steering oars. And blocked Our Majesty ship inside three partitions (bulkheads) so as not to drown it by ramming the wicked, and the sailors had time to repair the hole. And Our Majesty arranged four towers for archers – two behind, and two on the nose and one above the other small – on the mast with narrow loopholes. they are covered with bronze in the fifth finger (3.2mm), as well as a canopy roof and its rowers. and they have (carried) on the nose three assault heavy crossbow arrows so they lit resin or oil with a salt of Seth (probably nitrate) tore a special blend and punched (?) lead ball with a lot of holes (?), and one of the same at the stern. and long ship seventy five cubits (41m), and the breadth sixteen, and in battle can go three-quarters of iteru per hour (about 6.5 knots)... </pre> | ||
* From the tomb of Amenhotep I (KV39). | |||
Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technologyAncient Egyptian technology (wikipedia)]] | Source: [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technologyAncient Egyptian technology (wikipedia)]] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
===Hatshepsut=== | ===Hatshepsut=== | ||