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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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→French Indian War (Seven Years War)
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== French Indian War (Seven Years War) == | == French Indian War (Seven Years War) == | ||
1754-1763 | 1754-1763 | ||
=== Origins and indirect causes of the French-Indian War === | |||
* <u>Long term causes</u>: | |||
** French colonial expansion across the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley and along the Mississippi River | |||
** English colonial expansion in western New York and Pennsylvania | |||
* Indirect causes: | |||
** English v. French rivalry over easter and central North American lands and trade routes | |||
** Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: France ceded Nova Scotia to the British and abandoned its claims to Newfoundland | |||
** Indian rivalries and warfare, especially between French-aligned Algonquins and British-aligned Iroquois tribes and nations | |||
== Direct causes of the French-Indian War === | |||
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | * the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | ||
** the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements | ** the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements | ||
** 1753-54: Virginia militia expeditions sent to challenge French expansion in the Ohio Valley via building of a series of forts | |||
* May 1754: fighting breaks out at Ft. Duquesne and Ft. Necessity | |||
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River | ** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River | ||
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | * sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne| French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne| French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy| allied with the British, but under pressure from constant westward push of colonials; the Iroquois were aligned with the British more to assist their attacks against their Algonquian enemies, whom they pushed westward, then for mutual benefit of trade, etc., as was the case with the French and their Indian allies}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy| allied with the British, but under pressure from constant westward push of colonials; the Iroquois were aligned with the British more to assist their attacks against their Algonquian enemies, whom they pushed westward, then for mutual benefit of trade, etc., as was the case with the French and their Indian allies}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Ohio Company of 1748|in 1748 the Ohio Company received Royal land grant of 200,000 acres in the Ohio Valley, which included parts of modern Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia; the Company was owned by wealthy Virginia planters and London Merchants, and served as an opening for American colonial expansion across the Appalachian Mountains and the Ohio Valley, which was land disputed by the French; the Company was required to build and maintain a fort to protect against the French and Indians, which helped spark the French-Indian War)}}</ul><li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763| essentially a policy statement, not a law, King George III's "proclamation" to the American colonies asserted British rule over all the pre-existing and new colonial possessions following the Treaty of Paris (1763); most importantly, the King forbade white colonials from settling to the west of the Appalachians, reserving that land for the Indians (over the next few years, treaties with the tribes allocated portions of those lands to colonial settlement); the Proclamation was largely in response to Pontiac's Rebellion; note that a factor in continued Western expansion over the mountains was that American officers were paid in "land warrants", which, like George Washington, they exercised over the mountains}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763| essentially a policy statement, not a law, King George III's "proclamation" to the American colonies asserted British rule over all the pre-existing and new colonial possessions following the Treaty of Paris (1763); most importantly, the King forbade white colonials from settling to the west of the Appalachians, reserving that land for the Indians (over the next few years, treaties with the tribes allocated portions of those lands to colonial settlement); the Proclamation was largely in response to Pontiac's Rebellion; note that a factor in continued Western expansion over the mountains was that American officers were paid in "land warrants", which, like George Washington, they exercised over the mountains}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1763| by 1762, British gains across the world forced the French to capitulate; depleted, as well the British seized the opportunity to secure new territories, while also giving up others that were less strategically important to them (such as French sugar growing colonies, which British merchants wanted to remain in French hands to maintain their monopolistic control over trade with them); in North America, Britain now controlled all lands east of the Mississippi River, including "Spanish Florida" (everything west of the MS River remained in Spanish control)}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1763| by 1762, British gains across the world forced the French to capitulate; depleted, as well the British seized the opportunity to secure new territories, while also giving up others that were less strategically important to them (such as French sugar growing colonies, which British merchants wanted to remain in French hands to maintain their monopolistic control over trade with them); in North America, Britain now controlled all lands east of the Mississippi River, including "Spanish Florida" (everything west of the MS River remained in Spanish control)}}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulators|similar to the Paxton Boys, rural, "western" (west of the coast) settlers in South Carolina, mostly Scottish and English, who demanded land, lower taxes, and greater representation in the colony's Assembly; during the French-Indian War, these settlers fought Cherokee tribes mostly for land, and organized to assert their rights through "vigilantism" (citizen policing/militia without public authority)}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Regulators|similar to the Paxton Boys, rural, "western" (west of the coast) settlers in South Carolina, mostly Scottish and English, who demanded land, lower taxes, and greater representation in the colony's Assembly; during the French-Indian War, these settlers fought Cherokee tribes mostly for land, and organized to assert their rights through "vigilantism" (citizen policing/militia without public authority)}}</ul> | ||
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