AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:William Penn| Quaker English noble who in 1681 was granted extensive landholdings in the mid-Atlantic ("the Province of Pennsylvania") to pay debts due to his father from King Charles II. As a "propriety" colony, Penn and his descendants ruled Pennsylvania until the American Revolution (and when Delaware was created as a separate state); Penn organized the government under the "Frame of Government of Pennsylvania," an important document in colonial self-governance, granting legislative powers to an assembly made up of "inhabitants, freeholders and proprietors" of the colony; the Penn family was largely an "absentee landlord" (not living there) and profited from rents and taxes collected on their lands, which was resented by residents, especially non-Quaker immigrants}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Albany Plan| proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the 1854 Albany Congress to create a central colonial government that would have powers of treaty-making, taxation, and self-defense; the Albany Plan is considered a precursor to the Articles of Confederation}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian Indians| with associated Great Lakes region tribes, such as the Huron, allied with the French through trade and control of trade routes; the Algonquian and allied tribes were able to disrupt British and fought against British rule (see Pontiac's Rebellion), but eventually submitted to British rule in Canada}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Annus Mirabilis of 1759| "Wonderful Year" of 1759 during which the British won significant victories over France and its allies in Europe and the New World: the war started badly for Britain (even leading to fears of a French invasion of England), but under leadership of William Pitt the Elder, in 1759 Britain won battles in Germany, India, Canada capture of Quebec) and in the Caribbean(notably M). The war continued through 1762 (a second "Annus Mirabilis" for the British), at which point both sides were depleted financially and militarily, but with Britain having seized the upper hand across the globe.}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Fort Duquesne| French fort at modern Pittsburg where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join as they joint and become the Ohio River; the location provided control of trade and movement in the region that was contested by English and French colonial claims}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy| allied with the British, but under pressure from constant westward push of colonials; the Iroquois were aligned with the British more to assist their attacks against their Algonquian enemies, whom they pushed westward, then for mutual benefit of trade, etc., as was the case with the French and their Indian allies}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Proclamation of 1763| essentially a policy statement, not a law, King George III's "proclamation"  to the American colonies asserted British rule over all the pre-existing and new colonial possessions following the Treaty of Paris (1763); most importantly, the King forbade white colonials from settling to the west of the Appalachians, reserving that land for the Indians (over the next few years, treaties with the tribes allocated portions of those lands to colonial settlement); the Proclamation was largely in response to Pontiac's Rebellion; note that a factor in continued Western expansion over the mountains was that American officers were paid in "land warrants", which, like George Washington, they exercised over the mountains}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Paris of 1763| by 1762, British gains across the world forced the French to capitulate; depleted, as well the British seized the opportunity to secure new territories, while also giving up others that were less strategically important to them (such as French sugar growing colonies, which British merchants wanted to remain in French hands to maintain their monopolistic control over trade with them); in North America, Britain now controlled all lands east of the Mississippi River, including "Spanish Florida" (everything west of the MS River remained in Spanish control)}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Paxton Boys| Pennsylvanian settlers, mostly Scotch-Irish, who had before the war objected to Quaker leadership that refused their demands to expel Indians; after the French-Indian War, in 1763, the Paxton Boys massacred a group of Indians and seized their land; the Governor sought to prosecute them, but about 250 armed settlers marched on Philadelphia in protest; Benjamin Franklin met them along the way and arranged a truce; these settlers long resented Quaker rule of Pennsylvania, as the Quakers refused to protect settlers against Indian attack, all the while Penn-family rule was more concerned with land ownership and "rents" than with the interests of the settlers)}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Whigs|led by Henry Clay, the party replaced the Federalist Party, which was disgraced for its opposition to the War of 1812; the Whig Party was essentially Hamiltonian in its support of the "American System" of investment in infrastructure, tariffs, the national bank, and support ofr industry; the Whig party dissolved in the 1850s after having largely opposed, including Henry Clay, the Mexican-American War (1846-48) and due to the failures of the Compromise of 1850}}</ul</li>