AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions

=== Economics ===

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:artisanal republicanism"| the ideal of agricultural-based, independence through self-sufficiency and independent farms}}</ul></li>

* cotton gin

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:division of labor| as the economy expanded through growing population, connected markets (roads, canals and, eventually, railroads), the traditional artisanal economy that was self-sufficiency (building everything locally) yielded to specialized labor and skills that were used for only certain aspects of industrial and commercial production; so, rather than one person making a cabinet, multiple sets of workers would specialize in certain aspects of that production (metal or wood, working, painting, etc.); specialized labor, or "division of labor" led to set wages for types of jobs, with low-skilled jobs getting paid the least; the system challenged the Jeffersonian belief in "artisanal republicanism"}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Erie Canal | started in 1817 by the state of New York, connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie, thus joining New York City and its coastal and ocean trade networks to the Midwest, which provided markets for industrial goods, raw materials for factories, and movement of people and ideas; the Erie canal was a huge investment, thus needed financing from the state and its banking partners; the canal's economic importance is tremendous, although it and other canals were eclipsed by railroads due to the faster speed of railroads and their geographic flexibility; note that river-transportation is more efficient than on canals, especially with steamboats (that can move upstream), so rivers remain significant carriers of commercial traffic today}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:hub city| traditionally, cities arose on sea and major river ports that were geographically advantageous for settlement and trade; the rise of canals, roads, and railroads led to the rise of inland "hub cities" that usually grew along these routes or at intersections of them; the railroads and canals significantly contributed to the rising importance of "hub cities" on traditional river/ coastal locations, as they contributed to their commercial exchange:}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:labor theory of value| a theory promoted by labor union organizers that the workers should profit from the goods they produce more than the owners of the factories}}</ul></li>

* land speculation

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:middling class| 19th century term for what today we call the "middle class"; made up of farmers, artisans, mechanics, merchants, surveyors, lawyers, the "middling class" constituted about 30% of antebellum society; as these professions prospered, the middling class became important parts of the overall economy for production and consumption, especially of consumer goods, houses, carriages, etc.}}/ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:self-made man| a term for someone who rises from poverty or the working class to build his own business or profession; the "self-made man" was a democratic ideal of the idea that all men are created equal and can thus be whatever they want to be}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unions| or "trade unions"; unions are workers, especially in factories, who organize as a group in order to negotiate with employers and to provide benefits for their own members; antebellum unionization was not extensive, and only important in industrial New England}}</ul></li>

<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Waltham-Lowell System| refers to the use of young women as workers in large textile mills; most women came from farms, and took the jobs under the assurance that the factories would care for them with oversight over behaviors and mandatory church attendance; starting in 1820s in Boston, the system spread to other factories in MA and NH ; the system provided a degree of independence to these young women, as well as to earn money for their families}}</ul></li>