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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
moving Adams out of early Republic; adding to others and cleaning up tip-text code
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonial mother-country policy of controlling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mother country, with the aim to maintain a trade-surplus for the mother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners, and therefore colonial holdings were to serve and benefit those interests}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonial mother-country policy of controlling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mother country, with the aim to maintain a trade-surplus for the mother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners, and therefore colonial holdings were to serve and benefit those interests}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states; | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory or assertion that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states; thus states can "nullify" or annul (delete, erase, disregard) a or part of a federal law; nullification violates the "Supremacy Clause" of the Constitution (found in Article VI that states that all federal law will be "supreme" over state law); the "Nullification Crisis" occurred in 1832 when South Carolina refused to abide to the federal tariff laws of 1828 and 1832; other nullification crises include the 1798 Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions, which asserted the power of nullification over Adams-era and just before the outbreak of the Civil War when some southern states passed laws "nullifying" federal laws, and in the 1950s when several southern states refused to desegregate public schools and passed laws refusing to follow the ''Brown v. Board of Education'' Supreme Court decision (1954)}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Old World v. New World| "Old" = Europe; "New" = Americas}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Old World v. New World| "Old" = Europe; "New" = Americas}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:political|from Greek ''polis'' for "city"; governance or organization of a group of people; operates at all levels, as in local, state or national "politics" }}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:political|from Greek ''polis'' for "city"; governance or organization of a group of people; operates at all levels, as in local, state or national "politics" }}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:judicial review|the idea that the courts have the power to settled disputes, including over the meaning of laws and the Constitution; see Marbury v. Madison}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:judicial review|the idea that the courts have the power to settled disputes, including over the meaning of laws and the Constitution; see Marbury v. Madison}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Judiciary Act of 1789|established the structure of the federal courts and, most importantly, gave the Supreme Court appellate power, or the to decide on cases arising in state courts or between states, thus ensuring the supremacy of the Supreme Court over state courts}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Judiciary Act of 1789|established the structure of the federal courts and, most importantly, gave the Supreme Court appellate power, or the to decide on cases arising in state courts or between states, thus ensuring the supremacy of the Supreme Court over state courts}}</ul></li> | ||
== Early Republic flow charts == | == Early Republic flow charts == | ||
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ST1[States]-->FD[Federal Government] | ST1[States]-->FD[Federal Government] | ||
}} | }} | ||
=== For / Against National Bank === | === For / Against National Bank === | ||
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<div style="clear:both;"></div> | |||
== Adams presidency == | |||
While Adams was elected Washington's Vice President for both terms, and Adams was elected President in 17986 by | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Alien & Sedition Acts|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars|in 1792, the new French Republic attacked Austria and Netherlands, and in 1795 Prussia and Italy; by the Napoleon Bonaparte had taken control of the French Army and began his attempted conquest of all of Europe; the wars united the French, who felt threatened by and who in turn threatened the monarchs of Europe; the British opposed the French expansionism, especially through its superior Navy, and, eventually, on land during the Napoleonic Wars; Americans were politically divided in their sympathies for France or Britain, nominally between Jefferson (for France) v. Adams/Hamilton (for Britain)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:impressment|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Midnight Appointments| just before close of his presidency, Adams made last minute appointments of federal officers and magistrates, including that of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Jeffersonians mocked the appointments as "Midnight Judges"; and refused to deliver any remaining appointments when he took office, including that of William Marbury}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions| in opposition to the Alien and Sedition acts, the states of Virginia and Kentucky issued statements condemning the Acts and calling them unconstitutional; authored in secret by Madison and Jefferson, the Resolutions outlined the theory of nullification that the Federal government was a compact of states, so the states could withhold their agreement to that or part of that compact; it also argued that the federal government only had the power to enforce crimes specifically outlined in the Constitution (which much of the Alien and Sedition Acts exceeded); George Washington was appalled by the Resolutions, and presciently warned that if pursued they would lead to dissolution of the union}}</ul></li> | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="clear:both;"></div> | <div style="clear:both;"></div> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Marshall|prominant Federalist, apponted as Chief Justice by Adams in the "midnight appointments" at the end of the Adams' presidency; Marshall supported "judicial review" which was fully established in ''Marbury v. Madison''}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Marshall|prominant Federalist, apponted as Chief Justice by Adams in the "midnight appointments" at the end of the Adams' presidency; Marshall supported "judicial review" which was fully established in ''Marbury v. Madison''}}</ul></li> | ||
* McColloch v. Maryland (1819) | * McColloch v. Maryland (1819) | ||
* Revolution of 1800: | |||
== Madison & Monroe == | == Madison & Monroe == | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:War Hawks|western Jeffersonians (Republicans) who blamed Britain for violating treaties and inciting indian attacks on American settlers and outposts; the British did arm tribes, including the Shawnee under chief Tecumseh}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:War Hawks|western Jeffersonians (Republicans) who blamed Britain for violating treaties and inciting indian attacks on American settlers and outposts; the British did arm tribes, including the Shawnee under chief Tecumseh}}</ul></li> | ||
* War of 1812 | * War of 1812 | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip=text:Whigs|led by Henry Clay, the party replaced the Federalist Party, which was disgraced for its opposition to the War of 1812; the Whig Party was essentially Hamiltonian in its support of the "American System" of investment in infrastructure, tariffs, the national bank, and support ofr industry; the Whig party dissolved in the 1850s after having largely opposed, including Henry Clay, the Mexican-American War (1846-48) and due to the failures of the Compromise of 1850}}</ul</li> | |||
=== Monroe presidency === | === Monroe presidency === | ||
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* eminent domain | * eminent domain | ||
* Lancaster Turnpike | * Lancaster Turnpike | ||
* mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners | * mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners | ||
* Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself | * Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself | ||
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=== Social changes === | === Social changes === | ||
* aristocracy|built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children | * aristocracy| built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children | ||
* companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process) | * companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process) | ||
* democratic society|reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation | * democratic society| reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation | ||
* demographic transition|the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families | * demographic transition| the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families | ||
* sentimentalism|movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles | * sentimentalism| movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles | ||
* primogeniture | * primogeniture | ||