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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
→French Indian War notes
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== Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods == | == Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods == | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hopewell tradition|Ohio Valley cultures of the '''Woodland Period''' that were interconnected by trade and shared cultural traits, such as mound building}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hopewell tradition|Ohio Valley cultures of the '''Woodland Period''' that were interconnected by trade and shared cultural traits, such as mound building}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous|native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois|North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennyslvania and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy|starting in the mid-15th century, Iroquois tribes started a loose " | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy|starting in the mid-15th century, Iroquois tribes started a loose "confederacy," or federation, of independent, usually linguistically related tribes who joined politically for common defense, land organization, etc. versus enemy tribes; into the European colonial period, the Iroquois Confederacy strengthened through trade and technological acquisition; the Iriqouis Confederacy, or "Five Tribes" consisted of the e Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; each tribe was governed by groups of "sachems," or local chiefs}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture|800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mound Builders|starting 500 BC with early Woodland cultures that exercised social and political cohesion to the extent of building massive earthwork "mounds" that served | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mound Builders|starting 500 BC with early Woodland cultures that exercised social and political cohesion to the extent of building massive earthwork "mounds" that served religious or ceremonial purposes; latter Woodland period mounds could be massive}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations|Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period|Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation}}</ul></li> | ||
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=== Age of Exploration === | === Age of Exploration === | ||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:caravel|trans-oceanic sailing ship developed by the Portuguese that allowed for long voyages and the ability to "cut" into the wind for | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:caravel|trans-oceanic sailing ship developed by the Portuguese that allowed for long voyages and the ability to "cut" into the wind for maneuverability; since they were small and had a shallow draft (didn't go deep into the water), caravels were especially useful for exploring coastlines, bays and up rivers; into the "triangle trade" period, caravels were replaced by larger the "carrack" and, later, the "galleon"}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Henry Hudson|not an important name to know for the AP test, but Hudson exemplifies the initial British and Dutch purposes of exploration: he desperately wanted to find a way to Asia, but kept running into more land; he sailed in 1607 for the Dutch, and claimed modern New York for them; then sailed for the Birith in 1610 and made claims in Canada ("Hudson Bay" which he was convinced was the "northwest passage" to Asia)}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Henry Hudson|not an important name to know for the AP test, but Hudson exemplifies the initial British and Dutch purposes of exploration: he desperately wanted to find a way to Asia, but kept running into more land; he sailed in 1607 for the Dutch, and claimed modern New York for them; then sailed for the Birith in 1610 and made claims in Canada ("Hudson Bay" which he was convinced was the "northwest passage" to Asia)}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:conquistador|Spanish explorers and adventurers who conquered parts of the Americas, | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:conquistador|Spanish explorers and adventurers who conquered parts of the Americas, particularly Hernán Cortés (Mexico, 1519-21) and Francisco Pizarro (Peru, 1532)}}</ul</li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: St. Lawrence River|the St. Lawrence River passageway that was an important pre-colonial trade route that explorer Jacques Cartier in 1532 claimed for France and that was a significant part of French trade and colonial possessions in "New France"; the St. Lawrence River connects to the Great Lakes and thus provided trade access to the Ohio Valley}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text: St. Lawrence River|the St. Lawrence River passageway that was an important pre-colonial trade route that explorer Jacques Cartier in 1532 claimed for France and that was a significant part of French trade and colonial possessions in "New France"; the St. Lawrence River connects to the Great Lakes and thus provided trade access to the Ohio Valley}}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saint Augustine|started 1565, Spanish colonial settlement along the northeastern coast of Florida; in 1693 Spanish King Charles II issued a Royal Decree providing freedom for runaway slaves who converted to Catholicism, and the region served as a sanctuary for escaped slaves from the Carolinas}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Saint Augustine|started 1565, Spanish colonial settlement along the northeastern coast of Florida; in 1693 Spanish King Charles II issued a Royal Decree providing freedom for runaway slaves who converted to Catholicism, and the region served as a sanctuary for escaped slaves from the Carolinas}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sepúlveda|Spanish philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda who in 1550/51 debated in writing De las Casas over legitimacy of Spanish colonization and treatment of Native Americans; Sepúlveda argued the superior Spanish culture justified the conquest of "savage" natives and forced conversion to Christianity; his views were shared by later Americans who justified westward expansion and maltreatment of Native tribes)}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Spanish social hierarchies (terms)|''peninsulares'' = born in Spain; ''creoles'' = born in New World of Spanish descent; ''mestizos'' = mixed Spanish and Native American parentage; mulattos = African parentage mixed with other races/ethnicities}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Tordesillas|1494 agreement | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Treaty of Tordesillas|1494 agreement negotiated by Pope Alexander VI that divided New World holdings between Spain and Portugal bsed on a "line of demarcation," a north-south longitude line that divided South America between Spanish and Portuguese holdings (establishing Portuguese Brasil)}}</ul></li> | ||
=== Dutch and French colonialism === | === Dutch and French colonialism === | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Beaver War| 1600s conflicts between the French and their Algonquin allies and the Iroquois League that opposed them}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:''couriers de bois''|French "runners" sent to explore and live with local inhabitants across the Great Lakes region}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:fur trade|the principal object of exploration and trade for Dutch and French, and also some English, colonial | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:fur trade|the principal object of exploration and trade for Dutch and French, and also some English, colonial enterprises; beaver and otter fur was most desirable for European markets, which brought significant revenue to the colonies; the fur trade was a lucrative source of goods and tribal power among Native Americans, bringing guns, knives, rum, household items along with the instability of new economic and social pressures of the trade relations}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Amsterdam|now Manhattan, a Dutch city established in 1626 at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings, called New Netherlands, included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (briefly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:New Amsterdam|now Manhattan, a Dutch city established in 1626 at head of the Hudson River and which served as an important port for Dutch fur trade and trade and piracy across the Atlantic Coast and Caribbean; Dutch holdings, called New Netherlands, included lower New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, all of which were ceded to Britain in 1664 (briefly retaken by the Dutch in 1673/4}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from the St. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants; the French explored the Great Lakes, which is why Champlain, Detroit, LaSalle, St. Croix, Duluth, etc.}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:New France|French colonial possessions in North America, from the St. Lawrence waterway to the Great Lakes and along the Mississippi River to New Orleans; northern New France was primarily focused on fur trade, although cities were established with French migrants; the French explored the Great Lakes, which is why Champlain, Detroit, LaSalle, St. Croix, Duluth, etc.}}</ul></li> | ||
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=== African slave trade === | === African slave trade === | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Middle Passage|refers to "passage" or transoceanic shipment of slaves across the Atlantic; mortality rate of slaves on the Middle Passage was 12.5%; a total of 15.3 million Africans were sent across it to the Americas, most of whom were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Middle Passage|refers to "passage" or transoceanic shipment of slaves across the Atlantic; mortality rate of slaves on the Middle Passage was 12.5%; a total of 15.3 million Africans were sent across it to the Americas, most of whom were sent to the Caribbean and Brazil}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olaudah Equiano| former slave who in 1789 wrote a memoir of hs experiences as a slave, | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Olaudah Equiano| former slave who in 1789 wrote a memoir of hs experiences as a slave, including his childhood in Africa, the Atlantic crossing and life as a slave, which deeply impacted British views on the cruelty of slavery; Equiano was purchased by a British Naval officer and ended up under a Philadelphia merchant who allowed him to purchase his freedom; Equiano became a successful merchant and adventurer}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:seasoning camps|centralized destinations in the Caribbean for new African slave arrivals to "season", or prepare, them for new conditions; about 1/3rd of slaves who arrived to these camps died their first year there, mostly of dysentery due to the horrible conditions}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:seasoning camps|centralized destinations in the Caribbean for new African slave arrivals to "season", or prepare, them for new conditions; about 1/3rd of slaves who arrived to these camps died their first year there, mostly of dysentery due to the horrible conditions}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:triangle trade|the geographic pattern of slave-trade exchange between Europe (selling manufactured goods, | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:triangle trade|the geographic pattern of slave-trade exchange between Europe (selling manufactured goods, especially arms, which African states used to acquire more slaves), African coastal states (selling slaves) and the Americas (selling slave-produced products, especially sugar, molasses, rice, rum, and tobacco}}</ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
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------------------- | ------------------- | ||
== French Indian War (Seven Years War) == | |||
1754-1763 | 1754-1763 | ||
* the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | * the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley | ||
** the French and their | ** the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements | ||
** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the | ** a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River | ||
* sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | * sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania | ||
* in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region | * in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region | ||
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** there were 500 French and Indian soldiers | ** there were 500 French and Indian soldiers | ||
** and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia | ** and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia | ||
* the British eventually took Ft. | * the British eventually took Ft. Duquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec. | ||
* the American-sparked war turned global as Britain and France squared off against one another and their allies in Continental Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, India and China | * the American-sparked war turned global as Britain and France squared off against one another and their allies in Continental Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, India and China | ||
* after going well for France and its allies at first, the British scored significant victories starting 1758 and, especially, in 1759 ("Annus | * after going well for France and its allies at first, the British scored significant victories starting 1758 and, especially, in 1759 ("Annus Mirabillus") and 1762. | ||
* depleted financially and in resources, both France and England met at Paris to negotiate an end to the War, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which divided up colonial holdings, giving Britain control of North America east of the Mississippi. | * depleted financially and in resources, both France and England met at Paris to negotiate an end to the War, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which divided up colonial holdings, giving Britain control of North America east of the Mississippi. | ||
* the French-Indian War and the British government response to its aftermath set the conditions for the American Revolution. | * the French-Indian War and the British government response to its aftermath set the conditions for the American Revolution. | ||
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== American Revolution == | == American Revolution == | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:30%;" | |||
|+ Timeline of the American Revolution | |||
|- | |||
! Year!! Major Events | |||
|- | |||
| Example || Example | |||
|- | |||
| Example || Example | |||
|- | |||
| Example || Example | |||
|} | |||
Notes on the American Revolution | |||
* the "American Revolution" refers generally to the period between the French-Indian War and, either the breakout (1775/76) or end of the Revolutionary War (1781/83) | |||
* the war itself is called "The Revolutionary War" | |||
** the logic for the terminology is that the pre-War period was "revolutionary" in the sense that the colonists went from identifying as "Englishmen" (subjects of the King of England) to an independent "American" people; | |||
** their choices, rebellions, self-identity, philosophy, etc. went through a "revolutionary" change | |||
** "revolution" is from Latin ''revolvere'' for "turn, roll back" and in its political sense means a "great change in affairs" or "overthrow of an established political order" | |||
* students will be expected to evaluate the origins, causes and consequences of the American Revolution | |||
** and, less importantly but expected nonetheless, of the events and outcomes of the Revolutionary War | |||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:ABC Boards|American Board of Customs, "commissioners" created by the Commissioners of Customs Act 1767 and appointed by the powerful London Board of Trade, who enforced customs and other tax collections; notoriously corrupt, customs officials were targets of American ire and at times violence; the British government struggled to control colonial trade, especially stopping smuggling, which is simply trade of goods without paying duties; whenever trade rules were enforced, it outraged colonists; from the British point of view, the taxes were for the benefit of the colonists, as they funded colonial operations}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court/ Vice-Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unjust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system; the advantage of these courts for the British was that they operated under military and not civil law, and were thus outside of normal legal processes of civilian judges and juries}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Admiralty Court/ Vice-Admiralty Court|Naval judicial courts that acted independently of colonial authority; Admiralty or Vice Admiralty courts were used to enforce taxes, and were hated by the colonists who felt that they were unjust and did not allow for "judgment of peers", which is the basis of the jury system; the advantage of these courts for the British was that they operated under military and not civil law, and were thus outside of normal legal processes of civilian judges and juries}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Massacre|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Boston Massacre|}}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Patriot|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Popular Sovereignty|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Popular Sovereignty|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Revolutionary flags|flags symbolically represent a place or people; the colonial flags highlighted their protest and their growing identity as an independent nation of unified colonies; here for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_the_American_Revolution |Flags of the American Revolution}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:social contract theory|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sons of Liberty|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to protest the encroachment of "rights and liberties", especially trial by jury}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|nine colonial assemblies sent delegates to protest the encroachment of "rights and liberties", especially trial by jury}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Vice admiralty courts|judicial courts of the British Navy with jurisdiction over colonial legal matters regarding shipping, customs, smuggling, and other maritime-related activities; "vice" because they were beneath the general "Admiralty Court" of Great Britain; as Parliament imposed new regulations, the Vice admiralty courts were charged with enforcement, including over affairs not previously considered maritime-related; this was especially offensice to the colonists because they had no say in selection of Admiralty court judges, there were usually no juries, and the burden of proof was upon the accused, not the Court, all of which they considered a violation of their rights}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|from 1774 to 1781 (when the Congress of the Confederation commenced under the Articles of Confederation), an assembly of representatives of the 13 colonies; the purpose was }}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Writs of Assistance|}}</ul> | ||
< | |||
== American Revolution flowcharts == | |||
==== Origins ==== | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
WE[Colonial Westward Expansion]-->FI | |||
WE[Colonial Westward Expansion]<--British Response = <br>to curtail westward settlement-->RP[Royal Proclamation of 1763] | |||
subgraph " " | |||
FI[French Indian War, 1754-1763] | |||
end | |||
FI-->RP | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
==== British & Colonial responses ==== | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
WD[War debt, management<br>of new posseesssions]-->Su[Parliament passes laws<br>to raise revenue] | |||
Su[Sugar Act of 1764] | |||
Su-->St | |||
St[Stamp Act of 1765] | |||
St--Colonial response-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766] | |||
Su--Colonial boycott-->SAC[Stamp Act Congress, New York, 1766] | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
==== Cycle of Escalation ==== | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Evasion<br>or Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment] | |||
ME-->CP-->NL[Retraction of tax or regulations]-->RP[Replacement by new tax or regulation] | |||
RP-->CP | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
==== Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre ==== | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
RS[Repeal of Stamp Act]--replaced by-->DA[Declaratory Act, 1766] | |||
DA--justifies Parliamentary powers-->IE | |||
RS-->CCA[Commissioners of Customs Act 1767<br>created American Board of Customs Commissioners<br>who exercised independent power in collecting taxes] | |||
RS-->TA[Townsend Acts, 1767-1768<br>new taxes, increased enforcement & Admiralty Courts] | |||
CCA-->IE[Increased enforcement] | |||
TA-->IE | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
IE[Increased enforcement]-->Sm[Protest, complaints, corruption<br>and confrontation with smugglers] | |||
Sm-->BOS[Occupation of Boston by British Troops]-->BM[Boston Massacre, 1770] | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
==== Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party ==== | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
CP[Colonial Protest]-->RTA[Partial repeal of Townsend Acts, 1770] | |||
TA[Tea Act, 1773]-->BTP[Boston Tea Party]-->IA[Coercive Acts<br>to punish colonists] | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ==== | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
IA-->CO | |||
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests & Boycotts] | |||
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP | |||
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
=== | === Revolutionary Era people === | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Adams|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Adams|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Adams|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Samuel Adams|}}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Dunmore|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord Dunmore|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Benjamin Franklin|as scientist and publisher, the most famous American in his day; up until final moments before war, was always conciliatory to the British, accepting of British rule, and sought compromise; however, stood firm for colonial rights, including representation in Parliament; was early thinker about colonial union, esp. given experience as Postmaster of the colonies (Albany Plan)}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Benjamin Franklin|as scientist and publisher, the most famous American in his day; up until final moments before war, was always conciliatory to the British, accepting of British rule, and sought compromise; however, stood firm for colonial rights, including representation in Parliament; was early thinker about colonial union, esp. given experience as Postmaster of the colonies (Albany Plan)}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:George Grenville|Prime Minister (head of | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:George Grenville|Prime Minister (head of Parliamant), asserted British sovereignty over colonies and led various enforcement and tax laws through Parliament, including the Sugar Act; Grenville's tax policies shifted British tax policy away from mercantilism towards revenue-raising}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Jefferson|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Jefferson|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord North|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lord North|}}</ul></li> | ||
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|replaced the Molasses Act of 1733 and lowered duties on sugar with the goal of raising more revenue through a more reasonable tax rate; however, it also tightened customs enforcement and moved judicial oversight/ prosecution to the Vice-Admiralty courts}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|replaced the Molasses Act of 1733 and lowered duties on sugar with the goal of raising more revenue through a more reasonable tax rate; however, it also tightened customs enforcement and moved judicial oversight/ prosecution to the Vice-Admiralty courts}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Tea Act|1773}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:Tea Act|1773}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul> | |||
</div> | |||
=== Revolutionary War === | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Battle of Saratoga|}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}<li>virtual representation</ul> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li> | |||
------------------- | ------------------- | ||
==== Revolutionary War flowchart ==== | |||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | |||
CO[Colonial Organization]-->CC1[1774: First Continential Congress] | |||
CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's Comon Sense]--anti-King-->DI[1776: Declaration of Independence] | |||
}} | |||
------------- | |||
== Early Republic == | == Early Republic == | ||