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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions

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AP US History vocabulary list (view source)

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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}<li>Electoral College</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states;  
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states;  
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li>
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}<li>republican principles</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li>
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* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul></il>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul>
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
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* cult of domesticity
* cult of domesticity
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Frederic Douglas
* emancipation
* emancipation
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Second Great Awakening
* Second Great Awakening
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* John Calhoun
* John Calhoun
* Compromise of 1850
* Compromise of 1850
* Jefferson Davis
* Dred Scott decision
* Dred Scott decision
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gadsden Purchase
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* Anaconda Plan
* Anaconda Plan
* Appomattox
* Appomattox
* Fre
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Ft. Sumter
* Ft. Sumter
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg Address
* Gettysburg Address
* Robert E. Lee
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
*
* Sherman’s March
* Sherman’s March
* U.S. Grant
* U.S. Grant
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** Congressional program
** Congressional program
</div>
</div>
<br>
 
-------------------
-------------------


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* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Gentlemen’s Agreement
* Gentlemen’s Agreement
* Grange, the
* Great Migration
* Great Migration
* hard money
* hard money
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* nonviolence
* nonviolence
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* George Wallace


=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
* Silent Spring
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Cesar Chavez
* Chicano Movement
* environmentalism
* Grapes Boycott
* Michael Harrington
* Michael Harrington
* "Incorporation" Cases
* Roe v. Wade
* Roe v. Wade
* Silent Spring
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* Cesar Chavez
* Grapes Boycott
* Chicano Movement
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Wounded Knee Incident
* Wounded Knee Incident
* "Incorporation" Cases
=== Johnson ===
=== Johnson ===
* Great Society
* Great Society
* War on Poverty
* War on Poverty
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
* Watergate
* Watergate
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* Reaganomics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Supply-side economics


=== End of the Cold War ===
=== End of the Cold War ===
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</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
== Third Party movements ==
* notes
** third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
*** or a split within them
** elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
*** or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Election
!% of Popular Vote
!Notes
|-
|Anti-Masonic Party
|1832
|7.8%
|
* opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
* the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
* Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
|-
|Liberty Party
|1844
|2.3%
|
* abolitionist, anti-slavery party
|-
| rowspan="2" |Free Soil
|1848
|10.1%
| rowspan="2" |
* opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
* former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
* formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
* the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
|-
|1852
|4.9%
|-
|Know Nothing (American Party)
|1856
|21.6%
|
* anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
* largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
* the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
* former president Millard Filmore was candidate
|-
|Four-way split
|1860
|
|
* Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
* Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
* Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
* Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
|-
|Liberal Republican
|1872
|43.8%
|
* candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the ''New York Tribune''
* opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
* opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
* the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
|-
| rowspan="2" |Greenback Party
|1876
|0.99%
| rowspan="2" |
* soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
* anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
|-
|1880
|3.35%
|-
| rowspan="7" |Prohibition Party
|1884
|1.5%
| rowspan="7" |
* single issue: temperance
* persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
|-
|1888
|2.2%
|-
|1896
|.094%
|-
|1900
|1.51%
|-
|1904
|1.92%
|-
|1912
|1.38%
|-
|1916
|1.19%
|-
|Populist Party
|1892
|8.5%
|
* agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
* pro-soft money
|-
| rowspan="6" |Socialist Party
|1904
|2.98%
| rowspan="6" |
* Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
|-
|1908
|2.83%
|-
|1912
|6%
|-
|1916
|3.19%
|-
|1920
|3.41%
|-
|1932
|2.23%
|-
|Progressive Party
|1912
|27%
|
* Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
* Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
* with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
|-
|Progressive
|1924
|16.6%
|
* a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
* former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
|-
|Dixiecrat
Progressive
|1948
|2.4%
2.4%
|
* independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
** Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
** Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
|-
|American Independent
|1968
|13.5%
|
* led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
|-
|John Anderson (Independent candidate)
|1980
|6.6%
|
* Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party)
|1992
|18.9%
| rowspan="2" |
* populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
* in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
|-
|1996
|8.4%
|-
|Green Party
|2000
|2.74%
|
* Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
|-
|Libertarian
|2016
|3.28%
|
* Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
|-
|Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate)
|2024
|?
|
* son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
* running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
* critical of the COVID response and medical regime
|}
== Economic crises ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|Panic of 1857
|1857-1859
|
* national financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
** the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
* in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust) and declines in the railroad industry
* the downturn was also result of
|
|-
|Panic of 1873
|1873-1877
|
* bank runs in New York
* financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
* huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
** it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
* impacted Europe
* started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
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