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Social Studies skills: Difference between revisions
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*** monarchy, tyranny, totatalitarian, etc. | *** monarchy, tyranny, totatalitarian, etc. | ||
"wide distribution" of power = decentralized governance | "wide distribution" of power = decentralized governance | ||
*may include: | |||
** democracy, anarchy | ** democracy, anarchy | ||
* no society is all one or the other | * no society is all one or the other | ||
** even anarchy essentially distributes power to the individual level, which may be coercive at that level | ** even anarchy essentially distributes power to the individual level, which may be coercive at that level | ||
** even a totalitarian society may allow for family units which govern themselves or religious freedoms | ** even a totalitarian society may allow for family units which govern themselves or religious freedoms | ||
* see "Social Organization" above | |||
=== Revolution paradox === | === Revolution paradox === | ||
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=== Tocqueville effect === | === Tocqueville effect === | ||
* or "Tocqueveill paradox" | * or "Tocqueveill paradox" | ||
* Alexis de Tocqueville noted that | * Alexis de Tocqueville noted that | ||
<pre>"The hatred that men bear to privilege increases in proportion as privileges become fewer and less considerable, so that democratic passions would seem to burn most fiercely just when they have least fuel. I have already given the reason for this phenomenon. When all conditions are unequal, no inequality is so great as to offend the eye, whereas the slightest dissimilarity is odious in the midst of general uniformity; the more complete this uniformity is, the more insupportable the sight of such a difference becomes. Hence it is natural that the love of equality should constantly increase together with equality itself, and that it should grow by what it feeds on." | <pre>"The hatred that men bear to privilege increases in proportion as privileges become fewer and less considerable, so that democratic passions would seem to burn most fiercely just when they have least fuel. I have already given the reason for this phenomenon. When all conditions are unequal, no inequality is so great as to offend the eye, whereas the slightest dissimilarity is odious in the midst of general uniformity; the more complete this uniformity is, the more insupportable the sight of such a difference becomes. Hence it is natural that the love of equality should constantly increase together with equality itself, and that it should grow by what it feeds on." | ||
- Tocqueville, Alexis de (1840). "Chapter III: That the sentiments of democratic nations accord with their opinions in leading them to concentrate political power". Democracy in America | - Tocqueville, Alexis de (1840). "Chapter III: That the sentiments of democratic nations accord with their opinions in leading them to concentrate political power". Democracy in America | ||
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** inability to self-correct | ** inability to self-correct | ||
* consequences of too much order: | * consequences of too much order: | ||
** lack of feedback and information | ** lack of feedback and information | ||
** dissolution and atrophy | ** dissolution and atrophy | ||
** systems decline, can't adjust to change | ** systems decline, can't adjust to change | ||
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* feedback and self-adjustment without a need for drastic change | * feedback and self-adjustment without a need for drastic change | ||
* Thomas Jefferson idea of generational revolution | * Thomas Jefferson idea of generational revolution | ||
** Jefferson believed that each generation required a renewal from the prior | ** Jefferson believed that each generation required a renewal from the prior | ||
>> source to do | >> source to do | ||
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** Xerxes punishes the Hellespont for disobeying him | ** Xerxes punishes the Hellespont for disobeying him | ||
*** after a storm wrecked his boat-bridge across the Hellespont, Xerxes ordered soldiers to whip its surface in punishment for insubordination | *** after a storm wrecked his boat-bridge across the Hellespont, Xerxes ordered soldiers to whip its surface in punishment for insubordination | ||
=== Ritual === | === Ritual === | ||
* to bring certainty to uncertain events | * to bring certainty to uncertain events | ||
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==Identity== | ==Identity== | ||
* details | * details | ||
* sources: | * sources: | ||
===Literature & Arts === | ===Literature & Arts === | ||
* links | * links | ||
===Architecture=== | ===Architecture=== | ||
Types & periods of human organization & food sources | |||
=== Hunter-gatherers === | |||
* subsistence economy | |||
** self-provision (getting) of food, clothing, shelter | |||
** from Latin ''subsistens'' for "to stand still or firm" | |||
*** ''sub-'' (under) + ''sistere'' (staying still, in place) | |||
*** from [[PIE proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] '''*sta'''- to stand, make still | |||
* band / tribe | |||
* nomadic (moving about) | |||
* technologies | |||
** stone hunting tools | |||
** plant, especially seed identification and | |||
* trade limited to objects not surplus food | |||
=== Pastoral / pastoralism === | |||
* subsistence economy | |||
* herding animals | |||
* animal husbandry / domestication / livestock | |||
* nomadic, semi-nomadic | |||
* | |||
=== Pastoral farmers === | |||
* subsistence economy | |||
* sedentary (not moving, not nomadic) | |||
* animal husbandry (controlled domesticates, livestock) | |||
* seasonal or early planting | |||
=== Farmers === | |||
* ranges from subsistence to trade economy | |||
* sedentary | |||
** transition to defined areas ("farms") | |||
* planting & animal husbandry | |||
** specialization | |||
** division of labor | |||
** technology | |||
** expansion of trade | |||
=== Urbanization === | |||
* sedentary | |||
* trade economy | |||
* farming-based food supply | |||
* specialization | |||
* social and political organization | |||
* state monopoly on force | |||
=== Civilization === | |||
* from city-states to empire | |||
* trade economy | |||
* standardization | |||
* state monopoly on force | |||
* writing systems<br /> | |||
== Social & Political Organization == | |||
* structures, systems, rules, identities | |||
** social = culture, religion, education, entertainment | |||
** political = governance | |||
[[File:Social-organization-chart GunsGermsSteel p268-9 rotated.jpg|right|450px|alt=|For educational purposes only ** do not distribute **]] | |||
* In "Guns, Germs & Steel," Jared Diamond analyzed social organization by type and characteristics | |||
* his chart serves a very useful comparative tool | |||
** especially for measuring social organization over time and place | |||
* Dunbar's number: | |||
<pre>"Dunbar's number is a suggested cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships—relationships in which an individual knows who each person is and how each person relates to every other person" | |||
from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar%27s_number Dunbar's Number (wiki)]]</pre> | |||
==Social, Political and Economic Structures== | ==Social, Political and Economic Structures== | ||
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==Culture and Cultural & Technological Achievements== | ==Culture and Cultural & Technological Achievements== | ||
* | * details | ||
* sources: | * sources: | ||
==Historical sources & methods== | |||
== Historical sources & methods == | |||
* tools and techniques to study history | * tools and techniques to study history | ||
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** remains (bones, fossilized human, animal, insect remains with DNA) | ** remains (bones, fossilized human, animal, insect remains with DNA) | ||
** carbon-material for dating | ** carbon-material for dating | ||
=== primary source === | === primary source === | ||
* historical evidence created by the historical actors or at the time | * historical evidence created by the historical actors or at the time | ||