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Social Studies skills: Difference between revisions
→Logic and observational fallacies
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== Logic and observational fallacies == | == Logic and observational fallacies == | ||
=== Benchmark fallacy === | |||
* a logical or statistical fallacy that measures incompatible data or other comparison point ("benchmark") | * a logical or statistical fallacy that measures incompatible data or other comparison point ("benchmark") | ||
* examples: | * examples: | ||
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click EXPAND for an example of a benchmark fallacy | click EXPAND for an example of a benchmark fallacy | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
Example: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ '''Housing Starts 2000-2021 selected years ''' | |+ '''Housing Starts 2000-2021 selected years ''' | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
=== | === confirmation bias === | ||
* drawing a conclusion not from evidence but from what one wants to observe | * drawing a conclusion not from evidence but from what one wants to observe | ||
** seeing only what you want to see | ** seeing only what you want to see | ||
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*** example: "John is a bachelor" is sufficient evidence to know that he is a male | *** example: "John is a bachelor" is sufficient evidence to know that he is a male | ||
=== | === normalcy bias === | ||
* a bias towards continuation of what is or has normally been | * a bias towards continuation of what is or has normally been | ||
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**** which unto itself becomes a source of breakdown, esp. vis-a-vis competitive societies | **** which unto itself becomes a source of breakdown, esp. vis-a-vis competitive societies | ||
**** see "stability v. change" above | **** see "stability v. change" above | ||
=== Occam's Razor === | === Occam's Razor === | ||
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* from the bank robber Willie Sutton who, when asked why he robbed banks | * from the bank robber Willie Sutton who, when asked why he robbed banks | ||
** he replied, "Because that's where the money is." | ** he replied, "Because that's where the money is." | ||
* seek first the most obvious answer first | *** Willie Sutton denied ever having said that, but affirmed that he "probably" would have if someone asked him | ||
* = seek first the most obvious answer first | |||
* used in Medical school to teach students best practices on diagnosis and testing | * used in Medical school to teach students best practices on diagnosis and testing | ||