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* subjected to Persian, Seljuk & other Turkic invasions | * subjected to Persian, Seljuk & other Turkic invasions | ||
* final collapse from Mongol invasion | * final collapse from Mongol invasion | ||
|[[File:Regions of the Lands of Islam by al-Muqaddasi.jpg| | |[[File:Regions of the Lands of Islam by al-Muqaddasi.jpg|left|thumb|The lands and cities of the Dar al-Islam in the 10th century, according to the geographer al-Muqaddasi]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|960-1279 | |960-1279 | ||
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* Gunpowder empires created stable economies and administrative states | * Gunpowder empires created stable economies and administrative states | ||
* engaged in cultural patronage (cosmopolitan) | * engaged in cultural patronage (cosmopolitan) | ||
|[[File:Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|left| | |[[File:Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic Gunpowder Empires]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1450s-1480s | | 1450s-1480s |